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Biobased Approaches Towards Treatment and Recycling of Heavy Metals from Wastewater
Published in Gunjan Mukherjee, Sunny Dhiman, Waste Management, 2023
Fungi cells are able to accumulate metals from polluted water. They can be easily cultivated to obtain a high biomass yield and be genetically modified (Kapoor and Viraraghavan 1995). Fungi are widely used in industrial fermentation processes. For this reason, fungal biomass can be easily and cheaply sourced as by-products from these fermentation industries, rather than having them becoming disposed wastes. This, at the same time, saves the disposal cost from these industries. Additionally, fungal biomass can also be cultivated using inexpensive growth media. Both live and dead cells are used for metal uptake. Dead fungal cells seem to be the preferred choice for metal removal works as there are no issues related to toxicity, nutrient requirements, recovery of metals, regeneration of biomass, and biosorption predictability (Bishnoi 2005). The cell wall composition of fungal species also suggests excellent metal-binding properties. Fungal cell walls mainly consist of chitin, chitosan, polyuronide, polyphosphates, lipids, and proteins (Javaid et al. 2011). The abundant amide functional groups in chitin and chitosan make fungal cells a viable candidate for metal uptake.
Comparative bioreactor studies of different process enhancement methods in B. licheniformis for enzyme co-production
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Presently, many conventional fermentation processes are being used to produce biomolecules at various levels, including commercial production. It is known that the fermentation process is the core process of many industries like dairy, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, food, etc. In recent years, there has been a greater interest in reducing or controlling the pollution arising from agricultural and industrial activities. These industries are now exploring new opportunities to recycle the residues or finding new applications of agro-industrial waste as raw material. The use of low-cost agricultural residues as a raw material for industrial fermentation increases the process economics. On the other hand, there is a need to analyze the increasing demand for the products and their effective supply to the consumers at a reasonable cost. In view of this situation, methods are being developed to increase the productivity of fermentation processes. Fed-batch process, high cell density fermentation, continuous fermentation are some of the approaches used for increasing the yield of biomolecules, whereas strain engineering,[1] metabolic engineering,[2] use of genetically modified organisms[3] are some of the molecular approaches being followed. All these approaches are focused on increasing the nutrient transfer inside the cell, which will eventually enhance the yield of biomolecules.