China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Intellectual property issues for biosimilars
Published in Sarfaraz K. Niazi, Biosimilars and Interchangeable Biologics, 2016
The scopes of Cabilly II and III overlap to a great extent. The two independent claims (i.e., claim 1 of Cabilly II and claim 25 of Cabilly III) characteristic of these patents and having the broadest scope of protection. The main claim for Cabilly II reads as follows: (1) A process for producing an immunoglobulin molecule (Ig) or an immunologically functional immunoglobulin fragment comprising at least the variable domains (Fv) of the immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, in a single host cell, comprising the steps of (i) transforming said single host cell with a first DNA sequence encoding at least the variable domain of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (HC) and a second DNA sequence encoding at least the variable domain of the immunoglobulin light chain (LC) (ii) independently expressing said first DNA sequence and said second DNA sequence, so that said immunoglobulin heavy and light chains were produced as separate molecules in said transformed single host cell.
Progress on electrochemical sensors for the determination of heavy metal ions from contaminated water
Published in Journal of the Chinese Advanced Materials Society, 2018
Xiangzi Dai, Shuping Wu, Songjun Li
Immunosensors are compact analytical devices based on specific antigen–antibody interactions and in which the immunochemical reactions are either directly or indirectly detected by means of a transducer. In electrochemical immunosensors, the event of immunochemical reactions is converted into an electrical signal such as an electric current, a voltage difference or a resistivity change.[21,74–76] The main principle of electrochemical immunosensor for the quantification of heavy metal ions is the change in the current on electrode surface due to oxidation and reduction of adsorbed metal ions. An ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescent (ECL) competitive immunoassay for mercury (II) was developed based on CdSe QDs, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against Hg(II).[77] GNPs as substrate and electron transfer accelerator could load more number of coating antigen and magnify the electrochemical signal. Based on this method, Jing et al. developed a cheap and selective GNPs/Ovalbumin-MNA-CH3 Hg/mAb-QDs immunosensor based on the specific mAb against Hg(II). Competitive immunoassay was applied for the detection of Hg(II), and the ECL assay process is depicted in Figure 5(a). The actual size of the thioglycolic acid (TGA) modified CdSe QDs was about 4.6 nm (Figure 5(b)). The possible ECL mechanism could be expressed by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) of the immunosensor (Figure 5(c)). Furthermore, at the range of 0.01 to 50 ng/mL, the logarithm of the mercury (II) concentration change is linear to the decrease of the ECL intensity, with a much lower than previous methods detection limit of 2.6 pg/mL. The immunosensor also exhibit great selectivity to the mercury (II), the result was manifested in the (Figure 5(c)). This ECL immunoassay which applied GNPs as substrate combined with specific mAb detecting Hg(II), is presented for the first time. In addition, Zhu et al. had specifically generated and selected measured environmental uranium with an antibody-based sensor based on recombinant single-chain variable fragment antibodies (scvF).[78] The obtained scvF was complexed to 2,9-dicarboxyl-1,10-phenanthroline-acid (DCP) using genetic material obtained from the spleen cells of rabbits immunized with UO22+—DCP conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Recombinant antibody library and phage-displayed antibodies were obtained by amplifying and cloning immunoglobulin light chain and heavy chain genes into the phagemid pSD3. The limit of detection to UO22+ was 2.2 nM, which is below the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) action limit of 126 nM. In the real sample, the recovery ranged from 84.9% to 124.5% and average sample recovery was 98.89%.