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Nanopulse Stimulation Therapy
Published in Marko S. Markov, James T. Ryaby, Erik I. Waldorff, Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields for Clinical Applications, 2020
The first indication that applying pulsed electric fields in the nanosecond domain could influence tumor growth came from the pioneering work of Beebe and Schoenbach (Beebe et al., 2002) who treated subdermal murine fibrosarcoma allografts. Subsequent to their published work, more than 60 papers have been published describing various aspects of tumor ablation using nanosecond pulsed electric fields in murine models. Collectively, these studies suggest that NPS treatment of tumors results in a slower cell death process in treated tissue over a period of days, unlike IRE which generally triggers necrotic death within hours. In a subset of these studies treating malignant tumors, the authors identified that the treatment with NPS initiated immunogenic cell death (ICD), a subset of regulated cell death (RCD) in which tumor-associated antigens are released and presented to the immune system to generate an adaptive immune response. The ICD process involves releasing danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as the translocation of calreticulin from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface, as well as the release of both ATP and HMGB1 (Guo et al., 2018; Nuccitelli et al., 2017). This collective body of preclinical research suggests a link between NPS’s release of key DAMPs and the subsequent generation of a CD8+-dependent adaptive immune response. This adaptive immune response may prevent growth of rechallenge tumor cells. (Beebe et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2014; Guo et al., 2018; Lassiter et al., 2018; Nuccitelli et al., 2012, 2015; Skeate et al., 2018).
Lipid-based nanocarrier mediated CRISPR/Cas9 delivery for cancer therapy
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Aisha Aziz, Urushi Rehman, Afsana Sheikh, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Prashant Kesharwani
Cervical cancer is another type of neoplasm that ranked fourth among the most common cancer related to women. The incidence is significantly higher in low-middle income families, a disparity directly linked to disproportionate availability of resources [28]. It is a malignant tumor and has two histological subtypes namely adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). SCC accounts for 70% of all cases and is more common [29]. Jubair et al. used the HPV type16 tumor cell line (TC1) to study the CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockdown of E7 oncogene by using PEGylated liposomes, which would cause cell death upon editing. The mice were immunocompetent and the tumors were found to be reduced. However, immunogenic cell death (ICD) did not occur. Even so, the treatment approach was seen to be effective and organ toxicity was not seen in the spleen or liver [30]. Ling et al. designed a study to target E6 and E7 genes at the same time using CRISPR/Cas9 encapsulated in a liposomal carrier to detect in vivo and in vitro efficacy. E6 and E7 genes show effective anti-cervical cancer results. Cervical cancer lines SiHa and HeLa were used to measure transfection efficacy. The transfection in HeLa cells showed cell death in between 3-5 days, and SiHa cells showed much lesser cell death. The transfection efficiency was 25% and 20%, respectively. Mice with xenografts were used to test tumor growth suppression in vivo via immunohistochemistry. The tumor size was seen to reduce slightly with higher doses of liposomal injection and weighed less than the control group. No organ toxicity was observed [31].
Transient heating in a spherical tissue due to thermal therapy in the context of memory-dependent heat transport law
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Abhik Sur, Sudip Mondal, M. Kanoria
Radiation therapy seems to be one of the cornerstones of cancer therapies. By inducing lethal DNA damages (such as DNA single- and double-strand breaks), ionizing radiation (IR) necrosis and mitotic catastrophe. Nowadays, various studies highlight that ionizing radiation may also impact the tumoral microenvironment, for which, the associated immune system and modulate tumor response to radiation therapy [12]. As an example, accumulating evidence demonstrates that radiation therapy can promote tumor immune response by eliciting immunogenic cell death, tumor antigen release and immune cell activations. In addition to this, the combination of radiation therapy with a variety of immune modulators also enhanced tumor regression outside the field of irradiation, also known as abscopal effect, confirming that the biological consequences of the ionizing radiation of tumoral microenvironment components (such as immune effectors) are key events in tumor response to radiotherapy that remains to be elucidated [13].