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Toxicity and Toxins
Published in Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell, Living with the Earth, 2018
Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell
There are four major types of hypersensitivity reactions: cytotoxic reactions, cell-mediated reactions, immune complex reactions, and the most serious, anaphylactic reactions. Cytotoxic hypersensitivity involves activation of complement. This is most often seen in blood transfusions when incompatible ABO and Rh antigens on blood cells are transfused to a person with existing antibodies for those antigens, resulting in the donor cells being lysed. Cell-mediated reactions involve T cells that respond to antigens on transplanted tissues and organs and to haptens associated with poison ivy or poison oak, cosmetics, latex gloves and condoms, nickel in coins and zippers, and bacterial extracts such as PPD from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immune-complex reactions involve the coupling of antibodies with soluble antigens circulating in the serum in specific ratios that permit the complex to become trapped in the basement membrane of blood vessel cells where they can activate complement and cause inflammatory responses.
The Etiopathogenesis of Autoimmunity
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Howard Amital, Yehuda Shoenfeld
And, finally, direct infection of immune cells may also result in the enhancement of autoimmunity. An interesting human disease in which this mechanism is engaged is the Hepatitis C virus associated mixed cryogobulinemia. The hepatitis C virus infects both hepatocytes and B cells. Infection of B cells by hepatitis C virus results in a lymphoproliferative disease with clonal expansion of B cells. The vascular deposition of these circulating immune complexes causes a vasculitis, glomerulonephritis and alveolitis along with polyarthritis.90
Occupational toxicology of the kidney
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
Injury to the glomerulus characterised by inflammation (glomerulonephritis) can occur due to immune-mediated mechanisms that result in the deposition of circulating or in-situ formed immune complexes in the glomerulus. This results in abnormal loss of protein in the urine, predominantly albumin. Gold, mercury, and D-penicillamine have been incriminated in this type of injury.
A review on magnetic polymeric nanocomposite materials: Emerging applications in biomedical field
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2023
Magnetic polymeric nanocomposites are utilized in different in vitro applications, for example, detecting,[268] cell arranging,[269] bio-separation, enzyme immobilization[270] immunoassays, transfection,[271] and purification strategies. Immunoassay is a biochemical test dependent on the capacity of immunizer to perceive and tie explicit antigen shaping the immune complex. Magnetically labeled immunoassay utilizes magnetic nanostructures rather than traditional enzymes, fluorophores, or luminescent molecules bound to either antibody or antigen. Various kinds of magnetic signals can be detected including magnetic susceptibility, magnetic relaxation, magnetic remanence, and magnetic reduction.[241] Another promising application is magnetic cell partition. This is a simple strategy that permits the segregation of focused cells from blood, bone marrow, and different liquids in brief timeframes because of the quick response energy. It chiefly comprises of three stages: labeling the ideal cells with an magnetic marker, isolating magnetically labeled cells from the environment, and estimating the magnetic properties to measure the quantity of cells. The utilization of magnetic polymeric nanocomposites upgrades the particularity of location because of the action on the surface of the particles.
Study on covalent coupling process and flow characteristics of antibody on the surface of immunoassay microfluidic chip
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Hao Zhong, Yong Li, Guodong Liu, Tao Xu, Yiping Suo, Zhiqiang Wang
The chip design and immune reaction principles are shown in Figure 1. The antibody was immobilized on the surface of the chip by chemical group covalent grafting. Sandwich ELISA was used to detect the immune response in the chip. Blood contains the antigen of interest; antibody with a marker (fluorescent microsphere) is immobilized in the reaction region; specific antibody is immobilized in the testing region (only binds to the antigen of interest); the nonspecific antibody was immobilized in the control region (only binds with marker or antigen). When the blood containing the antigen flows through the reaction zone, the antigen combines with the marker in the reaction zone. After passing through the testing region, the labeled antigen is captured by the specific antibody to form an “antibody-antigen-antibody immune complex,” so as to develop fluorescence. When the blood flows into the control region, the nonspecific antibody captures the unbound labeled antibody to analyze and detect the target molecule. The fluorescence quantitative analyzer scans and detects the testing region. The relationship among the signal intensity, surface modification process, and flow behavior can be obtained by quantitative analysis.
Docosahexaenoic acid impacts macrophage phenotype subsets and phagolysosomal membrane permeability with particle exposure
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Paige Fletcher, Raymond F. Hamilton, Joseph F. Rhoderick, James J. Pestka, Andrij Holian
Isolated alveolar macrophages were suspended in RPMI-1640 media (Corning; Corning, NY, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (VWR; Radnor, PA, USA), 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Corning) and 1% sodium pyruvate (Corning). Cells were suspended at 1 × 105 cells/well with 100 µl/well for 96-well plate formats, 2 × 105 cells/well with 400 µl/well for 24-well plate formats, and 5 × 105 cells/well with 3 ml/well for 6-well plate formats. For macrophage phenotype polarization, lavaged cells were polarized into the different phenotypes and incubated at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 incubator for 24-hr as follows: M1 [20 ng/ml IFNγ (PeproTech; Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) + 10 pg/ml LPS (Genin et al. 2015)], M2a [20 ng/ml IL-4 (PeproTech) + 20 ng/mL IL-13 (PeproTech) (Genin et al. 2015)], M2b [immune complex; IC, consisting of 150 μg/ml anti-chicken egg albumin antibody (Sigma-Aldrich) + 15 μg/ml chicken egg white albumin (Sigma-Aldrich), incubated at 37 °C for 30 min to form IC, and then 50 ng/ml LPS was added (Yue et al. 2017)], or M2c [20 ng/ml IL-10 (eBioscience; San Diego, CA, USA) + 20 ng/mL TGF- β (R&D Systems; Minneapolis, MN, USA) (Kim et al. 2019; Zizzo et al. 2012)]. Treatments for each experiment are described below.