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Normal Anatomy of the Female Pelvis and Sonographic Demonstration of Pelvic Abnormalities
Published in Asim Kurjak, Ultrasound and Infertility, 2020
Pelvic vessels are much more clearly defined on an ultrasound scan. They are sonographically demonstrated as tubular structures characterized by an anechoic lumen and hyperechoic walls. The internal iliac artery is seen by performing an oblique scan posteriorly and laterally to the ovaries. It can be easily distinguished from the internal iliac vein, which is typically located posterior to the artery. If a real-time machine is used, pulsations of the artery are easily seen while the diameter of the vein is constant. The external iliac artery and vein are also routinely imaged on an oblique scan directed through the bladder to the contralateral pelvic wall. The external iliac vein sometimes can be compressed by an overfull urinary bladder, so that only the artery is visualized. The ovarian artery approaches the ovary from its lateral and posterior aspect, and being relatively thin, is not regularly seen. However, meticulous scanning of the lateral periovarian space will demonstrate in 60 to 70% of examined women the ovarian artery and vein which reach the ovaries via the mesovarium. Because of their small diameter and variable ovarian position, it is difficult to distinguish between the artery and vein. Although there were several reports describing marked dilatation of the ovarian vessels at the periovulatory phase of the cycle,25 we were not able to confirm this in spite of systematic scanning of patients during the late follicular phase of the cycle until ovulation (Figures 16 to 20).28
Cardiovascular system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Indications for lower limb venous intervention include: DVT, especially in the ilio-femoral segment.May–Thurner syndrome, a condition where there is compression of the left common iliac vein by the overlying right common iliac artery leading to the development of venous thrombosis.Vascular malformations involving the venous system.
Bioartificial organs
Published in Ronald L. Fournier, Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
The hollow fiber membrane had a nominal molecular weight cutoff of about 80,000 g mol−1. A cavity surrounded the coiled hollow fiber membrane and provided a 5–6 mL volume for the placement of the islets of Langerhans. This device was evaluated in pancreatectomized dogs using allogeneic canine islets and xenogeneic bovine and porcine islets. The device was implanted within the abdominal cavity and anastomosed to the left common iliac artery and the right common iliac vein.
Patient-specific hemodynamic analysis of IVCS-induced DVT
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Xudong Jiang, Xueping Gu, Tianze Xu, Xiaoqiang Li, Peng Wu, Lili Sun
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is the abnormal coagulation of blood in the veins of the lower extremities caused by various reasons, which can block the corresponding blood vessels and cause the obstruction of venous return. If the treatment is not timely, severe venous diseases of the lower extremities may occur, such as varicose veins, pigmentation, chronic and unhealed ulcers, etc. Pulmonary embolism (PE) caused by thrombosis is a serious complication of DVT, which may endanger the life of patients at any time (Beckman et al. 2010; Prandoni 2012). Iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS) is a disorder of lower extremity and pelvic venous reflux caused by iliac vein compression or abnormal intracavitary adhesion structures, and it usually occurs in the left iliac vein (Cockett and Thomas 1965). IVCS is considered to be the most common secondary risk factor for DVT, the anatomical basis for the occurrence of DVT (Kim et al. 2004), and an important factor for thrombosis recurrence (Meng et al. 2013; Vedanthaqm et al. 2014). Therefore, timely intervention of IVCS to prevent the occurrence of DVT will greatly improve the quality of life.