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Normal Anatomy of the Female Pelvis and Sonographic Demonstration of Pelvic Abnormalities
Published in Asim Kurjak, Ultrasound and Infertility, 2020
Pelvic vessels are much more clearly defined on an ultrasound scan. They are sonographically demonstrated as tubular structures characterized by an anechoic lumen and hyperechoic walls. The internal iliac artery is seen by performing an oblique scan posteriorly and laterally to the ovaries. It can be easily distinguished from the internal iliac vein, which is typically located posterior to the artery. If a real-time machine is used, pulsations of the artery are easily seen while the diameter of the vein is constant. The external iliac artery and vein are also routinely imaged on an oblique scan directed through the bladder to the contralateral pelvic wall. The external iliac vein sometimes can be compressed by an overfull urinary bladder, so that only the artery is visualized. The ovarian artery approaches the ovary from its lateral and posterior aspect, and being relatively thin, is not regularly seen. However, meticulous scanning of the lateral periovarian space will demonstrate in 60 to 70% of examined women the ovarian artery and vein which reach the ovaries via the mesovarium. Because of their small diameter and variable ovarian position, it is difficult to distinguish between the artery and vein. Although there were several reports describing marked dilatation of the ovarian vessels at the periovulatory phase of the cycle,25 we were not able to confirm this in spite of systematic scanning of patients during the late follicular phase of the cycle until ovulation (Figures 16 to 20).28
Patient-specific hemodynamic analysis of IVCS-induced DVT
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Xudong Jiang, Xueping Gu, Tianze Xu, Xiaoqiang Li, Peng Wu, Lili Sun
Patient-specific velocities of the external iliac vein on the affected side and the contralateral common iliac vein within 1 minute were measured using Doppler ultrasound. As shown in Figure 1(b), compared with arteries, venous flow is irregular and relatively stable, so we took the average value of the highest and lowest velocities (as shown in Table 2). The average velocities were applied at the inlet of each model. At the outlets, the zero-pressure boundary conditions were applied.