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Graphene-Based Optical Biosensors and Imaging
Published in Li Jun, Wu Nianqiang, Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials and Nanodevices, 2017
Tang Zhiwen, He Shijiang, Pei Hao, Du Dan, Fan Chunhai, Lin Yuehe
Park and colleagues have constructed a GO-based immunosensor via the quenching of the innate fluorescence of GO in the presence of the peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization product.22 In this study, the interleukin-5 (IL-5), a key cytokine associated with asthma pathology and eosinophilia, is used as the analyte model. After depositing the GO onto the amino-modified glass surface, one IL-5 antibody is immobilized as the capture antibody. The captured IL-5 is recognized and bound with another peroxidase-linked IL-5 antibody. In the presence of peroxide, the 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) is catalyzed to form the polymerization product, which is adsorbed on the GO surface, and effectively quenches the fluorescence of GO. The GO-based immunoassay has demonstrated high specificity for IL-5 among other cytokines and is not affected by human serum proteins. The detection limit of IL-5 is about 5 pg/mL. This GO-based immunoassay platform can be readily adapted for the detection of other protein targets, by changing antibodies.
Production of Life-Saving Drugs from Marine Sources
Published in Prasenjit Mondal, Ajay K. Dalai, Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources, 2017
Thalassospiramide A (188) and B (189) are cyclic peptides isolated from marine α-proteobacterium Thalassospira. The compounds were screened for inhibition of cytokine IL-5 which plays an important role in TH2-mediated diseases like asthma. Thalassospiramides A (188) and B (189) showed IC50 of 10 and 5 μM, respectively, without any observable cytotoxicity at 10 μM (Oh et al. 2007). Verrucarin A (190), isolated from culture broth of Myrothecium roridum, inhibited PMA-stimulated IL-8 production in HL-60 cells (Oda et al. 2005; Figure 10.15).
The Human Immune System Seen from a Biomedical Engineering Viewpoint
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation and Control of Physiological Systems, 2020
IL5 has also been known as T-cell replacing factor, eosinophil differentiation factor, and B-cell growth factor II. It exists as a 45 kDa dimer linked by disulfide bonds. It is produced by CD4+ Th2 cells, NK cells, and mast cells. IL5 stimulates the proliferation of immature B-cells, causes the activation and differentiation of eosinophils, stimulates Ig class switching to IgA, and stimulates mast cells. It may be considered to be involved in the stimulation of the humoral inflammatory response.
A comprehensive summary of disease variants implicated in metal allergy
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
These symptoms and the immunological mechanisms responsible for SNAS are believed to involve both cell-mediated effects, as well as prototypical Th2-type responses. The existence of nickel-reactive T-cell populations is a common feature of the disease, and subjects with SNAS often exhibit a significant increase in number of CD45RO+ memory cells present in the GI mucosa (Falagiani et al. 2008). Similarly, while established populations of nickel-specific regulatory T-cells may be detected in healthy individuals, this tolerogenic cell type is non-existent in SNAS patients. Although T-cells play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of SNAS, the simultaneous involvement of several critical Th2-associated effector functions led to the classification of this disease as a mixed-type hypersensitivity response initiated by Ni (Di Gioacchino et al. 2018). Accordingly, one of the major cytokines responsible for SNAS responses is IL-5. Consistent with this molecule’s role in immediate-type allergic responses, the enhanced production of IL-5 detected in SNAS patients leads to eosinophilic-dominant inflammation (Falagiani et al. 2008). As a result, many patients develop eosinophilic esophagitis and other eosinophil-mediated reactions in the GI tract.
Two transition metal coordination polymers: treatment activity on pediatric asthma by reducing the allergy response of bronchial mask cell
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
After the synthesis of compounds 1 and 2 with novel structure, their inhibitory activity on pediatric asthma was evaluated. As the IL-5 produced by over-activated Th2 cells causes the activation and chemotaxis of eosinophils, eosinophils can synthesize and secrete a large number of cytotoxins and pro-inflammatory mediators, causing a series of tissue damages, and finally leading to disorders of lung function. Thus, in this present research, the levels of the IL-5 produced by bronchial mask cells were measured with ELISA detection kit after indicated compound treatment. As the results shown in Figure 4, compound 1 could significantly reduce the content of the IL-5, but compound 2 only showed a slight effect on the IL-5 levels.
Characterization of pulmonary responses in mice to asbestos/asbestiform fibers using gene expression profiles
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Naveena Yanamala, Elena R. Kisin, Dmitriy W. Gutkin, Michael R. Shurin, Martin Harper, Anna A. Shvedova
Biological responses to airborne particulates are orchestrated by release of a number of inflammatory mediators. It was found that majority of cytokines/chemokines including IL-4, IL-5, IL-12p40, KC, and MIP-1α were up-regulated upon aspiration exposure to all three pathogenic materials—crocidolite, tremolite asbestos, and erionite fibers (Figure 4B). Increased release of cytokines/chemokines is consistent with the recruitment of phagocytic cells including eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes/macrophages (Figure 2). While accumulation of IL-6, G-CSF, MIP1-β and MCP-1 were common to tremolite asbestos and crocidolite exposure, up-regulation of Rantes was seen only after treatment with erionite fibers (Figure 4). The marked rise in IL-1α and IL-1β upon crocidolite and MCP-1 upon crocidolite and tremolite asbestos treatment is further supported by an increased accumulation of macrophages, and PMN, key producers of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Figure 2). The overexpression of IL-5 is compatible with elevated number of eosinophils and an important role of this cytokine is in eosinophil growth and differentiation (Clutterbuck, Hirst, and Sanderson 1989; Zabeau et al. 2003). Similarly, the overall increased IL-5 levels at day 7 post exposure to crocidolite (Figure 2) are in agreement with elevated general accumulation of eosinophils, compared to other fiber exposures (Figure 4;Table S2). Moreover, Rantes, a chemokine upregulated only upon erionite exposure, is known to be overexpressed in many cancers and plays important roles in proliferation, invasion of cancer cells, and angiogenesis (Aldinucci and Colombatti 2014). Further, enhanced expression of this gene in malignant mesothelioma (MM) cells in vitro as well as its secretion in pleural fluid of MM tumor-bearing mice was reported previously (Hillegass et al. 2010; Shukla et al. 2013). This may account for the observed increased incidence of MM in humans and mice exposed to erionite (Carbone et al. 2011; Carbone and Yang 2012; Wagner et al. 1985). Taken together, data suggest that inflammatory and cytokine responses might precede and be critical for development of the carcinogenic outcomes such as MM or lung cancer observed upon exposure to different asbestos/asbestostiform fibers. These findings also suggest that erionite mineral fibers, regardless of having the same shape and size as amphibole asbestos fibers, may induce differing biological responses.