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The Human Immune System Seen from a Biomedical Engineering Viewpoint
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation and Control of Physiological Systems, 2020
IL11 is a 26-kDa cytokine produced by bone marrow stromal cells, macrophages, and some fibroblasts. It is a functional homolog to IL6 and mimics the activity of DL6. In addition, IL11 can stimulate Th-dependent B-cell immunoglobulin secretion, increase platelet production, and induce IL6 expression by CD4+ T-cells. ILI 1 is a hemopoietic growth factor (HGF), including increasing the rate of platelet production.
Development of a three dimensional (3D) knitted scaffold for myocardial tissue engineering. Part II: biological performance of the knitted scaffolds
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2025
Derya Haroglu, Ahmet Eken, Zeynep Burçin Gönen, Dilek Bahar
Based on the results of ELISA assays, cell attachment to fibronectin was observed to be resulted in higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, and IL-1β in cell-scaffold groups. However, further research is required to find out the underlying mechanisms leading to the regulation of IL-1α, and IL-1β. Absence of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12p40 is claimed to improve angiogenesis limiting the cardiac injury after MI (Kan et al., 2016; Rusinkevich et al., 2019). Thus, lower levels of IL-12p40 expressed by C2C12 cells seeded on 144 F and 144H when compared with the related control groups are in favor of cardiac regeneration. Currently, it is unclear whether IL-11, one of the IL-6 family cytokines, has beneficial roles after MI. It was reported that IL-11 had healing effects by keeping cells viable, diminishing adverse cardiac remodeling, and encourageing angiogenesis after MI (Kimura et al., 2007; Obana et al., 2010; Tamura et al., 2018). On the other hand, IL-11 was shown to be critical in fibrotic process causing cardiac fibrosis and ultimately heart failure (Corden et al., 2020; Nicholls, 2018; Schafer et al., 2017). In this study, higher expression levels of IL-11 were observed in cells seeded on 144H coated with fibronectin on Day 1 (p < 0.05) bearing in mind the fact that it remains unexplained if IL-11 performs as an anti-inflammatory cytokine.
Viburnum opulus fruit extract-capped gold nanoparticles attenuated oxidative stress and acute inflammation in carrageenan-induced paw edema model
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Cristina Bidian, Gabriela Adriana Filip, Luminița David, Bianca Moldovan, Ioana Baldea, Diana Olteanu, Mara Filip, Pompei Bolfa, Monica Potara, Alina Mihaela Toader, Simona Clichici
Proinflammatory cytokines are immunoregulatory mediators secreted by immune cells (macrophages and monocytes) and non-immune cells (fibroblasts and endothelial cells) in response to various stimuli (10). TNF-α and IL-1β stimulate PGE2 formation after COX-2 activation. In addition, TNF-α triggers iNOS expression, increases neutrophil migration (11) and initiates nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. The constitutive isoforms, neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS), produce small amounts of NO, which acts as a neurotransmitter and vasodilator. Inducible isoform (iNOS) generates large amounts of NO, especially during inflammatory reactions (12–14). At high concentrations, NO reacts with superoxide anions to form peroxynitrite, which is responsible for oxidative stress and inflammatory cellular changes (15). To counteract the inflammation, the anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, IL-11, IL-13, IL-4 and IL-5 are secreted (16, 17).