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Wastewater Treatment
Published in Suresh C. Ameta, Rakshit Ameta, Garima Ameta, Sonochemistry, 2018
Arpita Pandey, Arpita Paliwal, Rakshit Ameta
The insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is widely used in indoor residual spraying for malaria control owing to its longer residual efficacy in the field compared to other World Health Organization (WHO) alternatives. The degradation of DDT was carried out using US (Sibanda et al., 2011). Norflurazon (4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]pyridazin-3(2H)-one) is an excellent weed-controlling agent used in the agricultural lands. The excessive addition or the undissolved norflurazon enters into the aquatic environment and causes the adverse effects associated with its high concentration. To avoid such problem, visible light-assisted photocatalysis setup coupled with the 42 kHz US producing bath type soni- cator was used to degrade the norflurazon (Panneerselvam et al., 2016).
Introduction
Published in Yasmina Bestaoui Sebbane, Intelligent Autonomy of Uavs, 2018
One of the goals is to develop UAVs that can be used to automate key components of mosquito integrated vector control, in particular, indoor residual spraying (IRS), outdoor residual spraying (ORS), and larval source management via larviciding (LSM-LC). The primary aim is that the integrated socio-technical systems are affordable and sustainable in malaria endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South and South-East Asia, Central and South America, as part of the ongoing global efforts of malaria control, suppression, elimination, and eventual eradication. The current most practical and economic method for both indoor and outdoor spraying in the endemic areas is using manual backpack sprayers. The multi-rotor UAV based solutions are being investigated as replacements for expensive (helicopter and fixed wing aircraft) aerial spraying, ground vehicle spraying, and backpack spraying for mosquito vector control [18].
Outdoor Emissions
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Inhabitants of dwellings treated with DDT for indoor residual spraying showed high DDT levels in blood and breast milk. This is of concern since mothers transfer lipid-soluble contaminants such as DDT via breastfeeding to their children. Focusing on DDT use in South Africa, we employ a pharmacokinetic model to estimate DDT levels in human lipid tissue over lifetime of an individual to determine the amount of DDT transferred to children during breastfeeding, and to identify the dominant DDT uptake routes. In particular, the effects of breastfeeding duration, parity, and mother's age on DDT concentrations of mother and infant are investigated. Model results show that primiparous mothers have greater DDT concentrations than multiparous mothers, which causes higher DDT exposure to firstborn children. DDT in the body mainly originates from diet but can be from spraying in old houses. Generally, the modeled DDT levels reproduce levels found in South African biomonitoring data within a factor of 3.
Geospatial analysis of malaria mortality in the kintampo health and demographic surveillance area of central Ghana
Published in Annals of GIS, 2021
Kenneth Wiru, Felix Boakye Oppong, Stephaney Gyaase, Oscar Agyei, Sulemana Watara Abubakari, Seeba Amenga-Etego, Charles Zandoh, Kwaku Poku Asante
Ghana is one of the countries with the highest malaria burden in sub-Saharan Africa. However, some gains have been made in control efforts including the country’s achievement of the highest rate (78%) of intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women in the sub-region (USAID President’s Malaria Initiative: Ghana Malaria Operational Plan For Year 2016, 2016). Aggressive execution of mass media antimalarial campaigns, community-level distribution of long-lasting insecticide treated nets, indoor residual spraying (IRS) and early diagnosis and treatment of infections with approved artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are among the strategies deployed to control transmission (Ghana National Malaria Control Programme periodic bulletin 2016). These control efforts have resulted in a significant drop in malaria mortality in the WHO African region from 533,000 in 2010 to 380,000 in 2018 (World Health Organization 2018) though they are yet to be tailored to local control requirements of communities with particular attention to known hotspots of the disease (USAID President’s Malaria Initiative: Ghana Malaria Operational Plan For Year 2016, 2016).
Biocidal spray product exposure: Measured gas, particle, and surface concentrations compared with spray model simulations
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2020
Per Axel Clausen, Thit Aarøe Mørck, Alexander Christian Østerskov Jensen, Torben Wilde Schou, Vivi Kofoed-Sørensen, Ismo K. Koponen, Marie Frederiksen, Ann Detmer, Michael Fink, Asger W. Nørgaard, Peder Wolkoff
A comparison between experimental measurements and simulated estimates of inhalation exposure during use of consumer spray products was also performed by Park, Yoon, and Lee (2018). One consumer spray product was sprayed for 5 and 15 sec, respectively, and the aerosol concentrations were measured in a chamber similar to the chamber used in the present study. The measurements were compared to simulated estimates in several simulation tools including ConsExpo Web. The authors found that for short-term exposures, the estimates were acceptable in comparison to the measurements; however, for long-term exposure the simulation tools were less accurate (Park et al. 2018). Another study of the exposure to DDT from indoor residual spraying in a malaria vector control programme showed a large underestimation in the ConsExpo 5.1 b01 simulated exposure (Wassie, Spanoghe, Tessema, Steurbaut 2012). However, the specific parameters entered in the ConsExpo simulation tool was not described in detail.
Mathematical model for the in-host malaria dynamics subject to malaria vaccines
Published in Letters in Biomathematics, 2018
Titus Okello Orwa, Rachel Waema Mbogo, Livingstone Serwadda Luboobi
To date, the World Health Organization (WHO) considers effective vector control strategies such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) as the main ways to prevent and reduce malaria transmission in communities with high malaria prevalence (Homan, 2016; WHO, 2017a). In addition, chemoprophylaxis and antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) are currently used to prevent and treat clinical malaria, respectively, in different parts of the world (Bhatt et al., 2015; WHO, 2015). These strategies have contributed to the substantial global decline in malaria mortality and morbidity (Negal, Alemu, & Tasew, 2016). However, despite the success of the existing malaria prevention and control strategies, reported malaria cases are still quite high. In 2016, the WHO reported about 216 million malaria cases; 90% of which occurred in the WHO African Region (WHO, 2017b). This represented an increase of 5 million malaria cases from the year 2015.