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Immunology of Scleroderma
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
IL-4 is a Th2 cytokine that is expressed by T cells, mast cells72 and fibroblasts.73 IL-4 has also been found to upregulate the expression of tenascin, a large extracellular matrix molecule found in wound healing, in patients with SSc and healthy skin fibroblasts74 and stimulates alpha 2(1) collagen synthesis by fibroblasts.72,73,75 CD8+ T cells isolated from BAL fluid from patients with SSc who have pulmonary fibrosis, express increased levels of IL-4.76 Furthermore, an alternative spliced form of IL-4 (IL-4δ2) transcript was found to be increased in mononuclear cells from patients with SSc.77 IL-4 levels significantly correlate with skin involvement and are inversely associated with disease duration.78 Other studies have not confirmed the increased levels of IL-4 in patients with SSc.66
The Human Immune System Seen from a Biomedical Engineering Viewpoint
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation and Control of Physiological Systems, 2020
IL4 is a 15- to 19-kDa, glycosylated protein dimer. Its production is highly regulated; it is made by CD4+ Th cells, CD8+ memory T-cells, mast cells, and basophils. It induces CD4+ Th cells to differentiate into Th2 cells while suppressing the development of Thl cells. IL4 also acts as a growth factor for B-, T-, and mast cells; stimulates MHC II expression on B-cells (for B-cell antigen presentation); and promotes plasma cells to switch Ig production to IgEl and IgE Abs. IL4 receptors are found on T-cells, B-cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells.
Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Signaling within 3D Tissue Models
Published in Karen J.L. Burg, Didier Dréau, Timothy Burg, Engineering 3D Tissue Test Systems, 2017
Stephen L. Rego, Tian McCann, Didier Dréau
IL4 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine expressed by NK cells, basophils, and specific subsets of T cells (Chatterjee et al. 2014). IL4 stimulates T and B cell proliferation and differentiation and can induce macrophages to express an alternative phenotype that promotes wound healing functions (Chatterjee et al. 2014). The receptor for IL4, IL4Rα, exists in three distinct forms throughout the body and can be activated by both IL4 and IL13, all having similar biologic functions (Ito et al. 2009; Andrews et al. 2013).
Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Isisdoris Rodrigues de Souza, Patrícia Savio de Araujo-Souza, Daniela Morais Leme
After binding to keratinocytes, IL-31 also enhances chemokine expression (Cheung et al. 2010), including CCL2 and CCL26, which recruit basophils to affected tissue sites (Gibbs, Patsinakidis, and Raap 2019). Thus, elevated expression of IL31 might facilitate basophil infiltration into skin lesions of AD and in cases of urticaria, previously reported by Ito et al. (2011). Basophils release IL-4 that supports development of Th2 cells and subsequent IL-31 production (Gibbs, Patsinakidis, and Raap 2019). In a mouse model, IL-31 increased epidermal basal-cell proliferation resulting in thickening of the epidermal skin layer but elevated TEWL (Singh et al. 2016) and elicited pruritus or resulting atopic-like dermatitis (Dillon et al. 2004; Grimstad et al. 2009). Although IL-31 mechanisms of action still require further investigations, studies indicated that IL31 polymorphisms might influence IL-31 and IgE levels, a possible marker in response to xenobiotics and development of skin diseases (Table 5).
IL-4 functionalized titanium dioxide nanotubes modulate the inflammatory response of macrophages
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Xufeng Yan, Ke Shen, Qiang Tang, Xingtang Fang, Chunlei Zhang, Zhaojing Zhu, Yanhua Hou, Min Lai
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a cytokine secreted by type II helper T cells (Th2 cells) and plays a key role in regulating humoral immunity and adaptive immunity. It can promote the activation of macrophages into pro-healing M2-type cells and inhibit macrophages from being activated into pro-inflammatory M1-type cells. It has been reported that polypropylene mesh coated with IL-4 could successfully increase the proportion of M2 macrophages and decrease the proportion of M1 macrophages in the early stage of host reaction in mice [26]. This study intends to further modify the TNTs to promote the polarization of macrophages toward a M2 phenotype and modulate the appropriate inflammatory response to promote healing and the long-term integration of the implant with the host.
Effect of lyophilization and spray-drying on cytokine levels and antioxidant capacity in human milk
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Vanessa Javera Castanheira Neia, Joana Maira Valentini Zacarias, Josiane Bazzo de Alencar, Patrícia Daniele Silva dos Santos, Christyna Beatriz Genovez Tavares, Meliana G. Paula, Silvio Claudio da Costa, Mariana Maciel de Oliveira, Celso Vataru Nakamura, Oscar Oliveira Santos, Jeane E. L. Visentainer, Jesuí V. Visentainer
Th2 profile cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, despite being in low concentrations, also remained unaltered after processing, as well as after HoP in a previous study (1). IL-4 is the cytokine responsible for stimulating Th2 cell differentiation. IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 produced by Th2 can act on B cells and influence the change of immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype to IgE (2). IL-5 acts on eosinophils and IL-13 stimulates mucus production by epithelial cells. Therefore, this response is important mainly in the defense against extracellular bacteria and parasites, and also influences the development of numerous allergic processes.[24]