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Endocrine system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Endocrine syndromes associated with pathology of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus include:Pituitary dwarfismHypoplasia of adenohypophysisEctopic neurohypophysisAbsent pituitary stalkCentral diabetes insipidusDysfunction of neurohypophysis or hypothalamus due to tumour, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, infection or traumaPrecocious pubertyHamartoma or other neoplasm of hypothalamusHypersecretion syndromesPituitary adenomas (see Table 12.1).
Toxicology
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Some chemicals can exert a toxic effect upon the hematopoietic system, resulting in abnormalities in the blood cells themselves, or on their production in the bone marrow. Classification of such chemicals is based on these two effects. Bone marrow effects are mostly hypoplasia, or underproduction of blood cells, or sometimes hyperplasia, over-production of blood cells. In extreme cases, the bone marrow effects may be aplasia, or no production. Some of the conditions associated with hypoplasia are: erythropenia (deficiency of red blood cell production), leukopenia (deficiency of platelet production), pancytopenia (deficiency of all cell production), or any combination of these.
Prenatal ultrasound features in a case of Arnold Chiari malformation
Published in J. Belinha, R.M. Natal Jorge, J.C. Reis Campos, Mário A.P. Vaz, João Manuel, R.S. Tavares, Biodental Engineering V, 2019
B. Fernandes, I. Côrte-Real, P. Vaz, R. Nogueira, F. Valente, A.C. Braga
Chiari malformations (CM’s) is a disorder of embryological development (Ball et al. 1995) that presents a variation in the configuration of the cerebellum and brainstem at the craniovertebral junction (Susman et al. 1989). Normally, the cerebellum and part of the brainstem are above the foramen magnum, but on this clinical condition the referred structures, both or only one, is projected into the upper medullary canal across the foramen magnum. This herniation of cerebellum can occur on the presence of an alteration of the skull development, when part of the skull is smaller than normal or when it is deformed. Consequently the functions of the cerebellum and of the brainstem are compromised by compression and the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord, is blocked (Susman et al. 1989). For diagnosis purposes can be classified four clinical types. In Type I cerebellar displacement are typical but hydrocephalus and syringomyelia are variable. In type II usually there are myelomeningocele and severe hydrocephalus. In type III the same features of type II are observed but associated with occipito-cervical encephalocele. In type IV there is severe hypoplasia or cerebellar aplasia associated with a small size of the posterior fossa (Ball et al. 1995). A few reports described cases of these malformations associated with craniofacial disorders (Lee et al. 2003, Tubbs & Oakes 2006, Hopkins & Haines 2003). The aim of this study in presenting a clinical case of a Chiari malformation is to emphasize to the relevance of an earlier prenatal ultrasound diagnosis on this type of pathological entity and to the possible importance of the fetal facial study for it.
Development of health-based environmental screening levels for insensitive munitions constituents
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021
Emily May Lent, Glenn Leach, Mark S. Johnson
Developmental and reproductive. In an extended one generation reproductive toxicity test, rats (25/sex/group) were given ad libitum access to NTO in drinking water at 0, 144, 720, or 3600 mg/L NTO. Treatment of the parental (P) generation began two to four weeks pre-mating (females and males, respectively) and continued until weaning of the litters. Direct dosing of offspring (F1) occurred from weaning through puberty. Additionally, two recovery groups (10 control and 10 high dose) were dosed concurrently with the main study animals and held for a period of 10 weeks following cessation of dosing to evaluate the reversibility of testicular toxicity. Mating index, pre-coital interval, gestation index, litter size, number of live and stillborn pups, and sex ratio did not differ among control and NTO treated groups. The fertility index was slightly reduced in the 3600 mg/L NTO group (88%) compared to the control (96%). Reproductive development of male, but not female, offspring was altered by exposure to NTO. Both the proportion of pups that had retained nipples and number of nipples retained were increased in NTO exposed males compared to controls. Attainment of puberty was delayed by 2.6 days in the 3600 mg/l NTO exposed males. Pubertal males in the 3600 mg/L NTO group exhibited reduced mass of the testis, epididymides, and accessory sex organs and associated histologic changes consistent with seminiferous tubule hypoplasia or degeneration/atrophy. P generation males in the high dose group exhibited testicular seminiferous tubule degeneration and reduced sperm counts. Partial recovery was observed in the recovery group (Lent et al. 2016b).