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Brain Motor Centers and Pathways
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
Whereas hypokinesia is associated with increased inhibition of the thalamus by the basal ganglia, a decrease in this inhibition results in hyperkinesia, or excessive, involuntary movement. These include rapid uncoordinated movement of body parts (chorea), twisting movements and sustained abnormal postures in the neck, trunk, and extremities (dystonia); and hemiballism, characterized by involuntary movements of the limbs on one side of the body. Hemiballism is caused by damage to the STN, which reduces excitation of the GPi and disinhibits the thalamus. The increased excitation and altered firing pattern of thalamocortical neurons cause these neurons to respond in an exaggerated manner or to discharge spontaneously, resulting in rapid, involuntary, and repetitive movements associated with violent flailing and swinging of the limbs and usually accompanied by a decrease in muscle tone.
Elucidating factors influencing machine learning algorithm prediction in spasticity assessment: a prospective observational study
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Natiara Mohamad Hashim, Jingye Yee, Nurul Atiqah Othman, Khairunnisa Johar, Cheng Yee Low, Fazah Akhtar Hanapiah, Noor Ayuni Che Zakaria
Forty-eight persons diagnosed with central nervous system pathology were undergoing inpatient rehabilitation and attending outpatient rehabilitation clinics that fulfilled inclusion, and exclusion criteria were recruited. In this study, we employed a non-probability convenience sampling technique. The inclusion criteria include (1) presence of any central nervous system pathology that gives rise to spasticity. (2) Good cognitive function determined by MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) score of 24 or less made available from patients’ clinical notes. The exclusion criteria are (1) any elbow joint or forearm pathology secondary to non-neurological cause (e.g. fracture, tendinitis). (2) Presence of elbow joint contracture secondary to bone pathology (e.g. consolidated fracture, sarcoma, heterotrophic ossification). (3) Hyperkinetic movement disorder or involuntary muscle contraction at rest. (4) Patient who received less than 4 months of botulinum toxin injection.