China
Africa
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CARIX Process—A Novel Approach to Desalination by Ion Exchange
Published in Arup K. Sengupta, Ion Exchange Technology, 2021
Various contaminants of natural water might be unfavorable with a view to its use. When it is used as drinking water, the most important requirement to be fulfilled is that water must not contain components detrimental for health. Among the inorganic substances, toxic heavy metals and fluoride are particularly dangerous. Further undesirable components are nitrates because they give rise to methemoglobinemia in infants and because they may be converted to much more dangerous nitrites. Sulfate present at elevated concentration levels might be harmful, mainly if the concentration of magnesium exceeds 35 mg/L. Elevated sodium concentrations may cause hypertonia. Thus, such substances have to be eliminated in the treatment steps or diminished below limit concentrations prior to the use of the water. Standards and recomended values of the WHO are listed in Table 7.1 [1–3].
Cluster analysis of impairment measures to inform an evidence-based classification structure in RaceRunning, a new World Para Athletics event for athletes with hypertonia, ataxia or athetosis
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Marietta L. van der Linden, Orla Corrigan, Nicola Tennant, Martine H. G. Verheul
Sanger et al. (2003) describe hypertonia can present as spasticity, which is defined as a velocity-dependent resistance of a muscle to stretch, and dystonia which involves involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions. Spasticity of the hip adductors, knee flexors (i.e. hamstrings), knee extensors (i.e. quadriceps) and plantar flexors (i.e. gastrocnemius) was measured in both legs using two different scales: the Ashworth Scale (AS) (Ashworth, 1964; Mutlu et al., 2008) for which the speed of the muscle stretch is not prescribed, and the Australian Spasticity Assessment Scale (ASAS). The ASAS (Love et al., 2016) was used to assess the velocity dependent component of the resistance against stretching in the same muscles groups as the AS. The ASAS is the spasticity scale used in the current CPISRA RaceRunning classification system while the IPC classification systems use the AS. The inter-rater reliability of the ASAS in children with CP has been reported as good (kappa: 0.87) (Love et al., 2016).