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Ethnoscience, Alternative Medicine, Inflammation, and Pain Models
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Natural Products Pharmacology and Phytochemicals for Health Care, 2021
Francisco Torrens, Gloria Castellano
Different types of pain evolve to a chronic condition characterized by hyperalgesia and allodynia, with an abnormal response to normal or even innocuous stimuli, respectively. A role in endogenous analgesia is recognized to descending noradrenergic pathways, which originate from the locus coeruleus and project to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, in which system impairment is associated with pain chronicization. Activation of glial cells, in particular microglia, to a pro-inflammatory state was implicated in the transition from acute to CP. α2- and β2-Adrenergic receptors are expressed in microglia, and activation leads to the acquisition of an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Descending noradrenergic system–neuroinflammation interconnection was reviewed, focusing on drugs that, rescuing the noradrenergic control, exert an anti-inflammatory effect, leading to analgesia [48]. The potential efficacy in the treatment of neuropathic pain of different drugs was analyzed. On one side, drugs acting as inhibitors of the reuptake of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) (e.g., duloxetine, venlafaxine) and, on the other, tapentadol, inhibitor of the reuptake of NA and agonist of μ-opioid receptor (MOR).
Biological function simulation in neuromorphic devices: from synapse and neuron to behavior
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2023
Hui Chen, Huilin Li, Ting Ma, Shuangshuang Han, Qiuping Zhao
Retina, tactile, auditory and olfactory neurons can tell us most of the information about an object, such as its color, size, whether it is hard or soft, and what sound and smell it makes, but they cannot tell if it is harmful for us. Nociceptor is also an important sensory receptor in biological system that can recognize external harmful inputs and transmit pain signals to the central nervous system to avoid potential damage [144,145]. When our skin is hurt, the stimulus (e.g. mechanical stress or extreme temperature) can activate the pain nerve ending to initiate the pain electrical signals. The nociceptor receives these signals and compares their intensity with the threshold value to decide whether or not to generate the action potentials. If the signal intensity is higher than the threshold, an action potential is generated and travels along the spinal cord to the brain (Figure 10(c-i)). Conversely, the signal intensity below the threshold cannot produce the action potential [135,146]. Except from threshold feature, the nociceptor also has others, such as relaxation, allodynia and hyperalgesia, which are related to the duration and repetition rate of the external stimuli [147,148].
Effects of risk factors related to computer use on musculoskeletal pain in office workers
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Bilge Basakci Calik, Nesrin Yagci, Mucahit Oztop, Derya Caglar
In this study, it was found that office workers whose pain lasted longer than 3 months experienced more severe pain in all regions than those with acute pain. In the literature, the number of studies examining the relationship between pain duration and pain severity is limited. Madeleine et al. [23] studied this relationship in 2013 and found a strong positive relationship between pain duration and forearm, elbow, neck and shoulder pain. In another study examining this relationship between chronic pain and pain severity, sensitization following persistent pain in the peripheral and central nervous system is explained by the mechanism involved in allodynia and hyperalgesia [24]. We believe that the chronicity of pain in office workers increases the severity of pain perceived by individuals in accordance with this theory.
Images depicting human pain increase exercise-induced pain and impair endurance cycling performance
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Ali Astokorki, Andrew Flood, Alexis Mauger
However, the hyperalgesia experienced after viewing others in pain is yet to be explored in exercise-induced pain. Therefore, it remains unclear as to whether viewing others in pain impacts on exercise-induced pain and, by extension, influences endurance exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to examine whether viewing images of others in pain can increase the intensity of pain experienced during endurance exercise and impact on exercise performance. It was hypothesised that images depicting others in pain would induce hyperalgesia during exercise at a fixed intensity and reduce endurance cycling time trial (TT) performance.