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Designing for Head and Neck Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
You can feel the internal features of your mouth (oral cavity) with your tongue. Run your tongue along the inner surfaces of your teeth; then feel the adjacent roof of your mouth (hard palate). If you move your tongue towards the posterior of your mouth, you can feel the transition from the hard palate to the soft palate. The nasal cavities lie directly above the hard palate. The oropharynx is the space inferior to the nasopharynx and posterior to the oral cavity. The tongue occupies most of the oral cavity. Figure 3.10 shows the tongue’s size; it is a large muscular structure. Taste buds of different shapes are clustered on the tip, posterior sides, and very back of the tongue; all five taste sensations (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami) are detected in each area. Avoid using materials with intense or disagreeable tastes, or which may leach chemicals into the mouth, for products like mouthpieces and nipples for infant’s bottles. The hyoid bone sits at the base of the tongue muscle (Figure 3.10). It is unusual in that it does not articulate with any other bone. Tonsils are lymphatic structures in the mouth and pharynx. Tonsillar tissue helps defend the body against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign materials.
The Thoracolumbar Spine and Pelvis
Published in Melanie Franklyn, Peter Vee Sin Lee, Military Injury Biomechanics, 2017
Melanie Franklyn, Brian D. Stemper
The values for the – Z direction (vertically downwards) were based on laboratory experiments on downward ejection seats with volunteers and from downward ejections in operational aircraft, while the limits for the +X, –X and ±Y directions are essentially whole-body injuries and were predominately based on cardiovascular shock (Brinkley, personal communication, 2015; Somers et al. 2013). Specific injuries for the –X axis for the high risk level include cardiovascular shock, retinal haemorrhage, and a minor fracture in the subject’s neck hyoid bone (Somers et al. 2013). For the ±Y axis, injuries include adverse cardiovascular responses, a knee injury, bradycardia and syncope.
Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
Only two bones, the mandible (lower jaw) and the hyoid, are mobile. The rest are united. The mandible has an important role in mastication. The hyoid bone or complex of bones is situated at the base of the tongue and supports the tongue and its muscles. The hyoid bone should not be confused with the so-called Adam’s apple which is formed by the thyroid cartilage.
Assessment of the protective performance of neck braces for motorcycle riders: a finite-element study
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2019
Siamak Farajzadeh Khosroshahi, Mazdak Ghajari, Ugo Galvanetto
Motorcyclists’ safety has been the focus of several experimental and numerical studies [14–20]. Most of them studied helmet design and its effects on reducing the risk of brain injury [14]. Some researchers have also studied neck injuries in motorcycle accidents. Dowdell et al. [21] studied 200 cases of helmeted rider crashes and reported that almost 20 percent of cases had neck injuries due to impacts on the helmet. Krantz reported that the helmeted motorcycle riders suffered from cervical spine injuries even without any head injury [22]. Ramli et al. [2] studied 177 cases with fatal injuries in motorcycle accidents and reported neck injuries such as cervical vertebra fractures and transection of the spinal cord. Badiali [23] studied the injuries of the hyoid bone due to the hyperextension of the neck. Ouellet et al. [24] studied the probability of increasing the risk of neck injuries by using the helmet and reported that helmet usage can increase the risk of neck injuries in the region between C3 and C7. Whyte et al. [5] studied 47 cases of fatal motorcyclist accidents and reported 10 cases (21%) with cervical spine fracture and 12 cases (25%) with cervical spine cord injuries due to remote impacts. These surveys show the significant risk of neck injuries of different severity levels in motorcycle accidents and hence the need of some form of neck protection.
Identification of muscle activities involved in hyoid bone movement during swallowing using computer simulation
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Takahiro Kikuchi, Yukihiro Michiwaki, Hideyuki Azegami
The hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage were analysed as rigid bodies with free movement. For simplicity, the thyroid and cricoid cartilages were approximated as rigid bodies. The cranium and mandible were shifted with enforced movements based on the positions and angles obtained from the 4DCT image. The sternum is fixed during swallowing. Further, based on anatomical knowledge, the posterior wall of the pharynx is fixed only in the anterior – posterior direction and freely moves by elastic forces in the other directions.
Modelling of swallowing organs and its validation using Swallow Vision®, a numerical swallowing simulator
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2019
Yukihiro Michiwaki, Tetsu Kamiya, Takahiro Kikuchi, Yoshio Toyama, Keigo Hanyuu, Megumi Takai, Seiichi Koshizuka
Soft-tissue organs such as the tongue, soft palate and pharyngeal wall were smaller than those in the young healthy male. Thus, the air space in the mouth and pharynx was larger in the patient than that in the healthy volunteer. Additionally, the organs such as the tongue base, hyoid bone, epiglottis, thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage appeared to be located lower in the patient than that observed for the corresponding organs in the healthy male. The descended organs appeared to pull the pharynx and larynx.