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Starch based Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications
Published in Akhilesh Vikram Singh, Bang-Jing Li, Polysaccharides in Advanced Drug Delivery, 2020
Fernando G. Torres, Omar P. Troncoso
Micelles are collections of amphiphilic surfactant molecules that spontaneously aggregate water into a spherical vesicle. The centre of the micelles is hydrophobic and can storage hydrophobic drugs until they are released by some drug delivery mechanism Husseini[82]. Modified starch has been used to prepare micelles. For instance, Besheer et al.[83] used hydroxyethyl starch (HES), a water soluble semisynthetic polysaccharide used in medicine as a plasma volume expander. They esterified HES with lauric, palmitic and stearic acids in order to produce 20–30 nm micelles.
Reduction and Fixation of Sacroiliac joint Dislocation by the Combined Use of S1 Pedicle Screws and an Iliac Rod
Published in Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White, Advances in Spinal Fusion, 2003
Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White
An indicator of the experiment’s value was its ex vivo clinical application for each specimen of the blood taken from the same patient. Heparinized peripheral blood from a homologous donor was mixed with one volume of PBS and one volume of hydroxyethyl starch (Plasmasteril;
The need for an alternative method to determine intravascular volumes
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2018
L. M. Lobigs, P. Peeling, B. Dawson, Y. O. Schumacher
Numerous conditions can influence PV, including; the environment (i.e. heat or altitude), exercise intensity and duration, frequency of exercise bouts, posture, and/or hydration status (Convertino, 1991; Fellmann, 1992; Harrison, 1985; Sawka et al., 2000). For example, exhaustive exercise typically results in an acute PV contraction, followed by an expansion, with hypervolaemia being observed within minutes to hours of exercise cessation (Harrison, 1985). These acute and natural shifts in PV are capable of confounding an ABP profile (increasing [Hb]), thus, anti-doping authorities have attempted to curb the influence of acute volume fluctuations on the concentration-based ABP markers by ensuring all blood samples are collected 2 hours post-competition or post-exercise. However, this protocol only removes the acute effects of exercise, and does not necessarily remove the influence of the progressive PV expansion, which has been observed during multi-day endurance events (Table I). This is particularly problematic, as anti-doping testing during multi-day events is targeted extensively due to the presence of a large number of athletes in a single location and the high profiles of events such as the cycling Grand Tours. Furthermore, endurance athletes train in ‘blocks’ of high intensity, which may result in the same (natural) progressive PV expansion (Bejder et al., 2017), which could influence out-of-competition testing. In light of this knowledge, dishonest athletes could be illegally manipulating their PV to mask doping effects. Recently, acute hyper-hydration (using 1000 mL of water) has been shown to mask the altered [Hb] ensuing from rHuEPO abuse (Bejder et al., 2015). It has also been suggested that athletes may be abusing artificial PV expanders (e.g. mannitol, glycerol or hydroxyethyl starch) to deliberately mask the effects of illegal blood doping; many of these artificial expanders are, however, found on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and are detectable (Sanchis-Gomar et al., 2010).