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Role of Enzymes in the Bioremediation of Refractory Pollutants
Published in Maulin P. Shah, Removal of Refractory Pollutants from Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2021
Viresh R. Thamke, Ashvini U. Chaudhari, Kisan M. Kodam, Jyoti P. Jadhav
Accidental oil spills that have been extensively studied in the past are the Exxon Valdez spill in 1989 and the BP Deepwater Horizon spill in 2010 in the U.S. Although different in nature with respect to the oil spilled in the ocean, the mode of dispersion, etc., the impact due to the spill was tremendous and affected the aquatic biota. Various measures, both physical and biological, were attempted to curb the impact caused due to the oil spill. The oil spilled in the BP Deepwater Horizon spill was a leak from a well 5,000 ft. (1,500 m) below the ocean surface, while the Exxon Valdez spill was a surface phenomenon. Bioremediation strategies were extensively used in both the oil spills where hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria played a key role in reducing the pollution (Atlas and Hazen 2011).
Bioremediation Current Status, Prospects and Challenges
Published in Amitava Rakshit, Manoj Parihar, Binoy Sarkar, Harikesh B. Singh, Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto, Bioremediation Science From Theory to Practice, 2021
Ruby Patel, Anandkumar Naorem, Kaushik Batabyal, Sidhu Murmu
The hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria like Afcanivorax, Marinobacter, Thallassolituus, Cycloclasticus and Oleispira are the most efficient genera that can degrade the hydrocarbons. In the hydrocarbon-polluted marine environment, obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria like Alcanivorax borkumensis is ubiquitous and this strain was able to metabolize linear and branched alkanes, with the exception of aromatic hydrocarbons (Yakimov 1998). Thallassolituus oleivorans, Oleiphilus and Oleispira are highly specific in breaking of aliphatic hydrocarbons from C7 to C20 carbons (Yakimov 2004). Cycloclasticus is addressed to mineralize various PAHs such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene and fluorene (Kasai 2002) and other non-obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria have been described to degrade various classes of hydrocarbons. Moreover, Acinetobacter and Sphingomonas are well reported for the degradation of aliphatic compounds (Harayama 2004). However, biostimulation treatment through nutrient amendment to hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments enhanced the biodegradation activity of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria such as Alcanivorax, Marinobacter, and Cycloclasticus. Among fungi, Amorphoteca, Neosartorya, Talaromyces, Aspergillus and Graphium are able to degrade hydrocarbon.
Novel Insights into Bioremediation of Petroleum-Polluted Environments and Bacterial Catabolic Pathways
Published in Wael Ahmed Ismail, Jonathan Van Hamme, Hydrocarbon Biotechnology, 2023
Laura Rodríguez-Castro, Roberto E. Durán, Constanza C. Macaya, Flavia Dorochesi, Lisette Hernández, Felipe Salazar-Tapia, Vanessa Ayala-Espinoza, Patricio Santis-Cortés, Ximena Báez-Matus, Michael Seeger
Contamination events disturb the diversity, structure, and abundance of bacterial, fungal, and archaeal communities that inhabit the polluted environment. Oil spills on soils and aquatic environments are highly toxic for microbial communities. However, specific microorganisms are tolerant to HCs and capable of degrading the pollutants. Bacteria are the predominant microorganisms that degrade HCs. Marine obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria such as Alcanivorax, Marinobacter, and Oleispira have been widely characterized. In pristine ecosystems, these bacterial genera are present at low or undetectable levels, representing less than 0.1% of the total community. After an oil contamination event, the abundance of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria increases and may represent more than 60% of the microbial community (Fuentes et al., 2016; Mahjoubi et al., 2018). Fuentes et al. (2016) reported a short-lapse dynamics of soil microbial communities in response to diesel pollution (30 g kg–1 dry soil) and different bioremediation treatments. Bacterial community analyses showed an operational taxonomic unit (OTU) related to the Alkanindiges genus, which strongly increased from ~ 0.1% in the initial microbiota to >60% after six weeks (Fuentes et al., 2016). The characterization of the microbial communities in pristine fields, wellhead, and storage tanks of an oil production facility indicated that Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota) predominate in the virgin field and the wellhead, while the storage tank showed a higher presence of Firmicutes (Bacillota). The predominant genera were Ochrobactrum and Acinetobacter in the virgin field, Lactococcus, and Pseudomonas in wellhead, and Prauseria and Bacillus in the storage tank (Liu et al., 2019b). Microbiological analysis in sediments showed that high proportions of cultivable HC-degrading microorganisms correlate with an increase in the underground HC concentration (Allen et al., 2007).
Investigation of microbial community changes in petroleum polluted sediments during hydrocarbons degradation
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2022
Mouna Mahjoubi, Simone Cappello, Santina Santisi, Afef Najjari, Yasmine Souissi, Ameur Cherif
Several culture-dependant and independent molecular approaches were used to study the microbial diversity in contaminated environments. These studies showed that petroleum hydrocarbons are biodegraded primarily by bacteria which constitute the predominant hydrocarbon-degrading fraction of the microbial community (Leahy and Colwell 1990). Several obligate marine hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (OMHB) also inhabit marine environments (Cappello et al. 2007a; Genovese et al. 2014; Head, Jones, and Röling 2006; Röling et al. 2002; Yakimov et al. 2004a). Several studies focused their interest on the isolation and characterization of the degradation potential of bacteria belonging to Gammaproteobacteria and affiliated to Alcanivorax, Cycloclasticus, Oleispira and Thalassolituus genera (Cappello et al. 2007b, 2014; Genovese et al. 2014; Harayama, Kasai, and Hara 2004). As suggested by different authors, the application of cultivation method can only detect 1% to 2% of the most dominant microbial species (Muyzer, De Waal, and Uitterlinden 1993). Only a small fraction of those communities are able to be cultivated (Zhang, Mörtelmaier, and Margesin 2012). The stimulation of the development of indigenous OMHB (e.g. adding limiting nutrients, including nitrogen and phosphorus) enhancing the acceleration of the degradation and the cleanup of the contaminated sites
Isolation and identification of new strains of crude oil degrading bacteria from Kharg Island, Iran
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
Kazem Godini, Mohamad Reza Samarghandi, Doustmorad Zafari, Ali Reza Rahmani, Abbas Afkhami, Mohammad Reza Arabestani
Bioremediation, which uses microorganisms able to decompose pollutants from contaminated soils, is a clean, cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach and, more importantly, it reaches a complete degradation of pollutants in spite of other methods leaving toxic secondary by-products (Shahsavari et al. 2017; Koolivand et al. 2017; Yarahmadi et al. 2016; Mishra et al. 2001). That how a microorganism consortium mainly comprised of bacteria and fungi for cleaning up a site containing different hydrocarbons is of great importance. Hence, isolation and identification of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria existing in environments including crude oil before kicking off any biodecomposition process should effectively be studied. The application of crude oil as the sole source of carbon and energy for bacteria can helpfully screen the hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria. The first step is to enrich a culture in laboratory to isolate the bacteria with the trait of degrading crude oil. The following stage is to select the bacteria that are more capable of degrading than others (Thompson et al. 2005). This scenario can be helpful in the survival of consortium used for petroleum bidegradatiaon. In the current study, we assessed an island named Kharg, which provides a sea port for the export of oil, to select native bacteria able to degrade crude oil. Moreover, the biodegradation potential of the bacteria was investigated. The prime aim of the current research was to isolate and characterize crude oil-degrading bacterial strains inhabiting the soils from Kharg Island. Moreover, the growth rate of the isolated strains in culture containing crude oil was assessed.