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Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Human papilloma viruses (HPVs), which are associated with cervical carcinoma, other anogenital cancers and a subset of head and neck cancers. The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection that is passed between people through skin-to-skin contact. There are over 100 varieties of HPV, more than 40 of which are passed through sexual contact and can affect the genitals, mouth, or throat. HPV can cause cervical and other cancers, including that of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. It can also cause cancer in the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils; that is called oropharyngeal cancer (de Martel et al. 2017; Timbang et al. 2019). Cancer often takes years, even decades, to develop after a person gets HPV. The types of HPV that can cause genital warts are not the same as the types of HPV that can cause cancers.
Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer
Published in Meenu Gupta, Rachna Jain, Arun Solanki, Fadi Al-Turjman, Cancer Prediction for Industrial IoT 4.0: A Machine Learning Perspective, 2021
Surekha Manhas, Zaved Ahmed Khan, Shakeel Ahmed
Cervical cancer is a major mortality cause in females globally and is mainly initiated with infection with a high-risk, severe HPV strain. According to WHO statistics, common cancer has become a prevalent mortality cause all over the world, accounting for approximately 10 million deaths in the year 2020. In a 2018 report, around 9.6 million people were estimated to die because of cancer [1]. Human papillomavirus (HPV) represents the DNA virus class that acts as a causative agent of viral infection, specifically in sexually transmitted infections in humans throughout the world. Due to the ubiquitous nature of HPV, infection has been observed in broad spectrum from animals to humans. Viral infection is also the leading cause of cancer formation in which it contributes up to 15–20% from various other types of cancers in humans. Infection caused by the oncogenic virus could be more able to promote various other associated stages of oncogenesis. Two hundred different HPV strains have been recorded by analyzing their different DNA sequencing pattern studies showing genomic variations. In addition, 85 genotypes of HPV have been carefully characterized [2]. Of the numerous varied types of HPV, around 30 different strains of HPV play a role in genital tract infection. The correlation between HPV and its role in cancer formation has been established.
Genome Editing and Gene Therapies: Complex and Expensive Drugs
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2020
Of the about 100 types of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV, members of the Papovaviridae family), HPV 16 and 18 cause 70% of cervical cancers and pre-cancerous cervical lesions. Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women living in less developed regions and approximately 311,000 women died from this cancer in 2018 (WHO, 2019).
Classification of Cervical Cancer Using an Autoencoder and Cascaded Multilayer Perceptron
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
K.R. Akhila, N. Muthukumaran, A. Ahilan
Cervical cancer is a dangerous ailment that originates from cells of the cervix, situated between the vaginal canal and the uterus [1,2]. Several sorts of human papillomavirus (HPV) cause cervical cancer, which spreads through sexual contact. It develops when the DNA of normal cells in the cervix undergoes mutations [3]. The normal cells reproduce and expand at a certain rate before dying at a certain period. The mutation causes the cells to multiply and reproduce uncontrollably without dying [4]. The aberrant cells clump together to form a tumour. Cancer cells can split from the tumour and grow or disperse to other parts of the human body. The symptom includes vaginal bleeding that occurs later in a sexual encounter, during periods, or after menopausal [5,6]. Lower back or stomach pain may also develop, as well as a foul-smelling white discharge. There may be no symptoms in some cases. The prevention of cervical cancer can be achieved by screening assessments and vaccinations that protect against HPV infestation. According to current statistics, 5,70,000 females were reported with cervical cancer and about 3,12,000 females died [3]. The two major categories of cervical cancer are adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). It starts in the thin, flat cells that line the exterior portion of the cervix that extends into the vaginal canal [7]. Adenocarcinoma starts in the column-shaped glandular cells that lined the cervical canal. The cervix is a relatively rare site where both types of cells cause cervical cancer [8].
RACNet: risk assessment Net of cervical lesions in colposcopic images
Published in Connection Science, 2022
Tianxiang Xu, Peizhong Liu, Ping Li, Xiaoxia Wang, Huifeng Xue, JingMing Guo, Binhua Dong, Pengming Sun
At present, the main methods of cervical precancerous screening include Pap smear, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) tests and visual examination based on colposcopy. HPV tests and Pap smears are relatively complicated and expensive, so they are difficult to effectively popularise in underdeveloped areas. Colposcopy is simple to operate and low in cost. It is an important auxiliary tool for precancerous screening in these areas (Khan et al., 2017). During the examination, the acetic acid reagent and Lugol’s iodine solution are applied to the cervical epithelium in order to stain tissues and observe their changes to find suspicious lesions. At same time, colposcopists can biopsy the indeterminate samples. However, biopsy is invasive and will cause inevitable damage to the patient. Thus, it is important to identify the suspicious lesions accurately. Unfortunately, only relying on the identification of colposcopists is often very inefficient. They are prone to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis due to overwork, and there are also great differences among different colposcopists. Therefore, in response to these problems, some researchers have proposed a risk assessment system to provide help for colposcopists.
Connective data: Markov chain models and the datafication of cervical cancer and HPV vaccination in Colombia
Published in Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society, 2021
Oscar Javier Maldonado Castañeda
This analysis approaches Markov chains as a device that is key in the calculation of the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccines and in the estimation of the burden of disease of cervical cancer and genital warts in Colombia. Cervical cancer is strongly associated with the persistent and untreated infection of specific types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV). There are currently two vaccines that protect against the HPV types associated with 70% of cervical cancers. The technical studies developed in the introduction of HPV vaccines have justified it as right intervention based on the national epidemiological profile of the population and the burden of the disease in the country. After three years of debate about their cost-effectiveness, in 2012 the Colombian government introduced Gardasil® (Merck’s HPV vaccine) into the Colombian Expanded Programme of Immunization. Since that year, three million girls have received the vaccine in Colombia. The National Committee of Immunization Practices (NCIP) on behalf of the Ministry of Health approved the introduction of Gardasil into the expanded programme of immunization based on cost-effectiveness analyses developed by the National University. Markov chains constitute the key statistical device to produce the numbers that are required for policy discussion.