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Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Human papilloma viruses (HPVs), which are associated with cervical carcinoma, other anogenital cancers and a subset of head and neck cancers. The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection that is passed between people through skin-to-skin contact. There are over 100 varieties of HPV, more than 40 of which are passed through sexual contact and can affect the genitals, mouth, or throat. HPV can cause cervical and other cancers, including that of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. It can also cause cancer in the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils; that is called oropharyngeal cancer (de Martel et al. 2017; Timbang et al. 2019). Cancer often takes years, even decades, to develop after a person gets HPV. The types of HPV that can cause genital warts are not the same as the types of HPV that can cause cancers.
Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer
Published in Meenu Gupta, Rachna Jain, Arun Solanki, Fadi Al-Turjman, Cancer Prediction for Industrial IoT 4.0: A Machine Learning Perspective, 2021
Surekha Manhas, Zaved Ahmed Khan, Shakeel Ahmed
At low-risk strain, diagnosis is clinically carried out by detecting genital warts. Genital warts have the potential to transmit sexually in cauliflower form, referred to as small elevated warts. During disease progression, benign intraepithelial lesions are formed. Differential diagnosis is usually carried out by means of three different procedures associated with molecular assays, including non-amplified based hybridization, signal amplification, and target amplification [53]; in addition, pap smear-based diagnostic procedure mostly used in females. Sampling from the cervix region is done by screening methods and identifying the malignancy signs [53]. However, this diagnostic procedure shows the abnormal condition of cells, and still, it does not have that much potential for accurate diagnosis of disease. The colposcopic biopsy is another way to overcome this issue [54].
Connective data: Markov chain models and the datafication of cervical cancer and HPV vaccination in Colombia
Published in Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society, 2021
Oscar Javier Maldonado Castañeda
Figure 1 is a graphical representation of the Markov model used by the Universidad Nacional in its cost-effectiveness studies. This diagram is organized in three levels: firstly, at the top is the sequence of possible states in which the individuals of the cohort can be: normality, contagion without lesion, reversible lesion, pre-cancer, cancer and healing/death. Below this level, different stages of development of the diseases are rendered. For instance the infection with low risk HPV types can lead to genital warts, whilst infection with high risk HPV lead down a path in which cancer is a possible ending point. During the different stages death is a possibility. In low risk stages the probability of death is the same as that of the general population; in stages in which the risk is higher the probability of death increases. The third level, at the bottom of the diagram, encompasses different stages of detection and treatment and their effect in the transits of the simulated cohort on the possible paths.