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Development and Composition of the Human Microbiome from Birth
Published in Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, James Chukwuma Ogbonna, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olawole O. Obembe, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Microbiomes and Emerging Applications, 2022
Toochukwu E. Ogbulie, Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, Muinah Fowora
The human body harbors a huge array of microorganisms which forma multiple and energetic ecosystems. This diverse ensemble of microorganisms is indeed a complex ecosystem–a social network tightly linked to our health. In the guts of human, zillions of symbiotic microbes made up of primarily bacteria (key player), archaea, fungi and viruses (in certain cases) play huge role in metabolism of essential nutrients in the body. Indeed, they basically cause signal reception by the body especially on the state of hunger and are good in checking the immune system. All the mentioned microorganisms in the gut together with those in the other part of the body constitute the microbiota of human body, whereas the microbiome is the entire genes contained in the microbiota. However, the two words are interchangeably used. The human microbiome therefore is the assemblage of all the microbiota that reside on or within human tissues (mouth, vagina, uterus, urogenital tract, skin, airways or lung, gut/gastrointestinal tract, mammary glands, placenta, ovarian follicles, conjunctiva, biliary tract) and biofluids (seminal fluid, saliva, sweat, oral mucosa)(Figure 4.1a). A swab sample of these sites as well as an aliquot of the biofluids can give an insight on the diversity of the microbes living on human body.
Antibiotic Resistance
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
Ifeoma M. Ezeonu, I. R. Iroha, Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu
The important role of the human microbiome in health and immunity has become a major area of exploration for the mitigation of a variety of medical problems, including antibiotic resistance. Two basic strategies are considered: Specific targeting of resistant pathogens – This involves the development of vaccines or narrow spectrum antimicrobial agents against pathogenic and/or drug-resistant strains and species.Direct manipulation of the microbiota – This includes delivery of individual, small collectives or whole-scale communities of strains (probioitcs) or of nutrients (prebiotics) or other growth factors to strengthen or restore beneficial functions of the microbiota or exclude invasive and/or antibiotic-resistant strains and species. This approach has proved promising in recent studies (Ayukekbong et al., 2017; Ezeonu et al., 2020).
Oral Administration of Nanoparticles and Gut Microbiota–Mediated Effects
Published in Ana Rute Neves, Salette Reis, Nanoparticles in Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 2018
Ana Raquel Madureira, Manuela Pintado
The small intestine microbial population plays important roles in human health and diseases. The majority of the human microbiome is harmless or beneficial to the host and acts as a protector against pathogens, provides nutrients and energy, and fosters development [6]. The GI tract functions are tremendously increased in the caecum and colon owing to these bacteria. The bacteria from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species belong to Firmicutes and Actinobacteria divisions, respectively, and are pointed out as the beneficial gut bacteria associated with the control of GI tract functions, such as regulation of intestinal transit and inhibition of growth of potential pathogenic bacteria Salmonella spp. and E. coli, for example, by the production of inhibitory organic acids. Besides the functional roles in normal digestion, they also play immunological functions, such as conjugation of bile acids; prevention of pathogenic bacteria growth; production of butyrate, which regulates colonic enterocyte health; production of vitamins B12 and K; detoxification (or toxification) of certain ingested drugs or plant toxins; and immune system maturation [7–9].
An overview of the current progress, challenges, and prospects of human biomonitoring and exposome studies
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Mariana Zuccherato Bocato, João Paulo Bianchi Ximenez, Christian Hoffmann, Fernando Barbosa
Humans reside in association with a large population of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea, collectively termed the Human Microbiome (Cho and Blaser 2012; Minot et al. 2011; Ursell et al. 2012). The intestinal lumen is one of the habitats most densely populated by microorganisms and may contain up to 1011 bacterial cells/ml. Thousands of different bacterial species inhabit this environment with most as yet not isolated and comprehensively examined (Cho and Blaser 2012; Frank and Pace 2008).