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Mechanical effects of medical implants on intervertebral disc injury
Published in Fernando Moreira da Silva, Helena Bártolo, Paulo Bártolo, Rita Almendra, Filipa Roseta, Henrique Amorim Almeida, Ana Cristina Lemos, Challenges for Technology Innovation: An Agenda for the Future, 2017
A. Sarfraz, G. Dougill, G. Cooper
Intervertebral disc, IVD, injury is a huge problem worldwide. This is evidenced by 85% of the UK population showing signs of disc degeneration by the time they are 50 years old. (Teraguchi et al., 2014). “Disc degeneration is defined as an aberrant, cell-mediated response to progressive structural failure. It occurs when an IVD breaks open or bulges out, putting pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots, and is also known as a herniated disc or slipped disc” (Adams et al., 2006).
Thermal Comfort and Gender, Age, Geographical Location and for People with Disabilities
Published in Ken Parsons, Human Thermal Comfort, 2019
Degenerative spine conditions involve the gradual loss of normal structure and function of the spine over time. They are usually caused by aging but may also be the result of tumours, infections or arthritis. Pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots caused by degeneration can be caused by slipped or herniated discs.
Trunk and shoulder kinematics of rowing displayed by Olympic athletes
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2023
Yumeng Li, Rachel M. Koldenhoven, Nigel C. Jiwan, Jieyun Zhan, Ting Liu
At the finish, greater posterior pelvic tilt and lumbosacral flexion angle were observed during higher stroke rates, which suggest that athletes were ‘slumping’ the low back (McGregor et al., 2004). Based on significant correlations with rowing power, these changes could be attributed to greater power demand at higher stroke rates. Though the behavioural relevance of the small increase (1º—3º) in lumbosacral flexion angle is still unclear in the present study, the increase has been associated with fatigue of the erector spinae muscles (Holt et al., 2003) and a weak trunk stabilising mechanism (Holt et al., 2003). The leg muscles generate energy, and the lumbar, abdominal, and thoracic muscles should stabilise the trunk and enable a straight lumbar to better transfer the energy from the hips to the shoulders and then to the oars (Baudouin & Hawkins, 2002; Kleshnev, 2016; Pollock et al., 2012). The increased lumbosacral flexion angle may also relate to increased loading on the lumbar region (Adams et al., 1994) and injury mechanisms (e.g., low back pain and degenerative or herniated disc) (Hosea & Hannafin, 2012). To reduce the lumbosacral flexion angle at higher stroke rates, greater ROM of pelvis has been recommended (Thornton et al., 2017).
Modular incorporation of deformable spine and 3D neck musculature into a simplified human body finite element model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Mitesh Lalwala, Bharath Koya, Karan Devane, F. Scott Gayzik, Ashley A. Weaver
Spinal injuries are an overlooked area in the injury biomechanics field, and there is a relative lack of understanding of spinal injury mechanisms under different loading conditions. Spinal injuries can be broadly classified into two categories: vertebral fracture and soft tissue injuries (whiplash, herniated disc, spinal cord injury, etc.). In automotive crashes, vertebral fractures mostly occur due to direct compression force and flexion or extension moments generated in the spine. In contrast, soft tissue injuries such as whiplash or back pain are mostly associated with sudden movement resulting in strain or sprain in the muscles and ligaments supporting the spine. In some cases, fractured or dislocated vertebrae or other spine injuries can lead to more severe spinal cord or disc injuries (King 2002; Li et al. 2019). While soft tissue injuries such as whiplash are mostly minor, and severe spinal cord and disc injuries are rare, vertebral fractures are a serious issue in automotive crashes. The risk of vertebral fracture has increased in newer vehicles as compared to older vehicles (Kaufman et al. 2013; Doud et al. 2015; Forman et al. 2019), and the spine ranks amongst the top three most frequently injured body region (Jakobsson et al. 2016). Additionally, recent studies suggest that highly reclined seats in autonomous vehicles may increase lumbar spine injury risk in occupants due to increased lumbar forces (Richardson et al. 2020a; Richardson et al. 2020b).
Intra-trunk and arm coordination displayed by Olympic rowing athletes
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2021
Yumeng Li, Rachel M. Koldenhoven, Nigel C. Jiwan, Jieyun Zhan, Ting Liu
Qualitatively, the lumbar-pelvis pair exhibited a longer in-phase time compared to the thorax-lumbar and upper arm-thorax pairs. In-phase motion between the pelvis and lumbar spine may limit the relative motion between these two segments and reduce the lumbosacral angle. This increased lumbosacral flexion angle has been related to an increased loading on the lumbar region (Adams et al., 1994) and injury mechanisms (e.g., low back pain and degenerative or herniated disc; Hosea & Hannafin, 2012). Based on mathematical modelling, an inability to rotate the pelvis and lumbar spine in unity has been associated with higher loads at the lumbosacral region (Buckeridge, 2013). The in-phase intra-trunk coordination was also observed for female college rowers (Minnock, 2017). Therefore, athletes are recommended to use an in-phase coordination pattern especially between the pelvis and lumbar spine during training with high demands of stroke repetitions over time. Future research is also recommended to examine intra-trunk coordination for rowers with a history of low back injuries and/or pain.