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Health Hazard Characterization
Published in George G. Lowry, Robert C. Lowry, Handbook of Hazard Communication and OSHA Requirements, 2017
George G. Lowry, Robert C. Lowry
A hepatotoxin is a chemical that can cause liver damage such as enlargement or jaundice. Examples include carbon tetrachloride, nitrosamines, vinyl chloride, chlorobenzene, trichloroethylene, chloroform, and ethyl alcohol.
Rapid-assessment test strips: effectiveness for cyanotoxin monitoring in a northern temperate lake
Published in Lake and Reservoir Management, 2020
Jaime F. LeDuc, Victoria G. Christensen, Ryan P. Maki
Rapid-assessment cyanotoxin test strips are a relatively new technology. Test strips provide results within an hour on site, in contrast to water samples shipped elsewhere for analyses that may not be available for days or weeks. Test strips offer a comparatively low cost, simple method of determining whether a water sample contains a cyanotoxin. Test strips are currently available for 3 cyanotoxins: microcystin, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin. These cyanotoxins are produced by various species of cyanobacteria and differ in their health effects and toxicity (Chorus and Bartram 1999, Hilborn et al. 2014). Microcystin is an acute hepatotoxin and can cause tumor production in the liver (Nishiwaki-Matsushima et al. 1992), anatoxin-a is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker that affects the nervous system (Valentine et al. 1991), and cylindrospermopsin is genotoxic and affects the liver and kidneys (Falconer et al. 1999). The test strips for these toxins can detect a toxin even if there are no visible algal cells, and unlike other toxin detection methods, they are made to be used in the field.
Integrated observing systems: An approach to studying harmful algal blooms in south Florida
Published in Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2019
Adam M. Schaefer, M. Dennis Hanisak, Malcolm McFarland, James M. Sullivan
In contrast to the body of knowledge regarding acute exposure to blooms, understanding of the chronic effects of cumulative exposure to HABs remains limited. The potent hepatotoxin microcystin has been suspected as the possible cause for a non-alcoholic liver disease and liver failure cluster in human populations within the surrounding counties of Lake Okeechobee and the southern IRL (Zhang et al. 2015). Additionally, between 2007 and 2011, there were 4535 reports to the HAB-related Illness Surveillance System in the United States (Backer et al. 2015). The economic impact associated with HAB associated illness has also been substantial, specifically among older populations. Annual medical costs estimated from blooms along the western coast of Florida ranged from $60,000–$700,000 for short duration blooms, and up to $1,000,000 for long-lasting blooms (Hoagland et al. 2014).
Circular RNA expression profiles following MC-LR treatment in human normal liver cell line (HL7702) cells using high-throughput sequencing analysis
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Shuilin Zheng, Cong Wen, Shu Yang, Yue Yang, Fei Yang
In recent years with the development of high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics, various investigators noted that circRNAs were an endogenous class of cellular components that are highly stable and present in abundant concentrations in human cells. It was suggested that circRNAs may potentially play a critical role in modulation of gene expression by acting as miRNA sponges through miRNAs sequestration (Hansen et al. 2013; Rong et al. 2017). Enhanced levels of circRNAs were found to be associated with liver damage and hepatocarcinoma (Jin et al. 2016; Rong et al. 2017). These findings regarding an interaction between circRNAs and MC-LR a known hepatotoxin (Zurawell et al. 2005) and potential carcinogen (IARC, 2010) might occur indicated that one of the underlying mechanisms in cyanotoxin-mediated liver damage may involve alterations in circRNAs expression profiles. Our observations confirmed that modified differential circRNAs expression profiles were detected in MC-LR-treated HL7702 cells suggesting that these endogenous cellular components may be associated with cyanotoxin-mediated toxicity.