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The Medical Implications of Nuclear Power Plant Accidents
Published in W.A. Crosbie, J.H. Gittus, Medical Response to Effects of Ionising Radiation, 2003
It is imperative that detailed clinical records are maintained, particularly with regard to the exact time of onset of any symptoms and signs as they may have early prognostic significance. The earliest symptoms are likely to be nausea and vomiting which may be alleviated by Hydrocortisone Hemisuccinate 100mg 1M, 8-hourly or by the use of Chlorpromazine 25mg IM or Metochlopromide 10mg IM. If vomiting persists a saline drip should be set up followed after 3 hours by 5% Dextrose (or 4% Dextrose+1/5 Saline). In a large nuclear establishment where extensive medical and dosimetric services are immediately
Drugs for Treatment of Neurological and Psychological Conditions
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
The first highly successful group of antianxiety drugs was the benzodiazepines synthesized by Leo H. Sternbach at the Hoffman-La Roche laboratory in Nutley, NJ, USA in 1955–1956. The story of the discovery and development has been recounted by Sternbach,11 as well as others.12 The biological activity of the compounds almost escaped detection. Sternbach was attracted to the area by the reports of the antipsychotic effects of chlorpromazine. However, most of the compounds he synthesized were inactive. It turned out that the structures that had been assigned in the literature were incorrect. Two of the last compounds made, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam, had yet another, but unknown, type of structure. When, somewhat belatedly, these compounds were evaluated they were found to have anxiolytic activity superior to meprobamate. The structures were then investigated and shown to contain the benzodiazepine ring. Clinical studies confirmed effectiveness in treatment of anxiety and related conditions such as obsessive states. Chlordiazepoxide was approved by the FDA in early 1960, and marketed as Librium. It was followed by diazepam, marketed as Valium, in 1963. Both drugs were promoted worldwide by using the rationale of providing “balance” in the face of modern sources of stress. Librium and valium were followed by a number of other related compounds both from Hoffman–LaRoche and other pharmaceutical companies. These included oxazepam (Serax, Wyeth) and alprazolam (Xanax, Upjohn). These drugs were characterized as “minor tranquilizers” implying their use in common forms of anxiety, as opposed to more severe conditions. A large number of such drugs have subsequently been introduced. Most prescriptions are written by general practitioners for anxiety. The popularity of the benzodiazepines led to attention by the popular culture and the media. In 1966, the Rolling Stones published Mother’s Little Helper about a “little yellow pill” (Valium).
Voltammetry, Polarography
Published in Ernő Pungor, A Practical Guide to Instrumental Analysis, 2020
The aim of the experiment to gain some experience in the use of solid voltammetric electrodes. The model compound is chlorpromazine, a phenothiazine derivative:
Oculomotor dynamics in skilled soccer players: The effects of sport expertise and strenuous physical effort
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Teresa Zwierko, Wojciech Jedziniak, Beata Florkiewicz, Miłosz Stępiński, Rafał Buryta, Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak, Robert Nowak, Marek Popowczak, Jarosław Woźniak
Moreover, other previous investigations in healthy individuals undergoing pharmacological intervention on eye movements confirmed a relationship between brain catecholamines and saccadic control. For instance, Glue, White, Wilson, Ball, and Nutt (1991) observed that the administration of clonidine, an α 2-adrenoreceptor agonist that inhibits noradrenaline release, substantially reduced peak velocity, acceleration and deceleration of saccadic eye movements in healthy male volunteers. Conversely, the administration of an α2-adrenoreceptor antagonist (idazoxan), did not increase saccade velocity, acceleration or deceleration above the baseline state. Furthermore, administration of the first-generation antipsychotic chlorpromazine (100 mg), a D2-dopamine receptor antagonist, slowed peak saccade velocity in healthy individuals (Barrett, Bell, Watson, & King, 2004; Green & King, 1998). In relation to our study it is highly likely that the potential perturbations in the synthesis and metabolism of several neurotransmitters as result of maximal intensity exercise may affect some of the specific brain areas involved in saccadic eye movement control, such as the superior colliculus, frontal eye fields, supplementary eye fields, and the paramedian pontine reticular formation (Munoz & Everling, 2004).
Multivariate comparison of photocatalytic properties of thirteen nanostructured metal oxides for water purification
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2019
Jakub Trawiński, Robert Skibiński
Amongst the studied pharmaceuticals, phenothiazine derivatives were marked by the shortest half-lives (Table 3), to such an extent, that some of them were undetectable after 10 min of the experiments (chlorpromazine and fluphenazine). The other – promazine, thioridazine and, possessing similar structure, chlorprothixene – had 10 to 20 min half-lives. Rapid photodegradation of those substances should be attributed to their high susceptibility to the direct photolysis. In fact their half-lives were sometimes lower in the ultrapure water experiment than in any of the photocatalytic ones (e.g. moclobemide). Slightly lower degradation rates were observed in the case of doxepin, fluvoxamine, olanzapine, fluoxetine, paroxetine and amisulpride (half-lives 10–40 min).