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Nanoparticles Under the Spotlight
Published in Julián Blasco, Ilaria Corsi, Ecotoxicology of Nanoparticles in Aquatic Systems, 2019
Alba Jimeno-Romero, Yvonne Kohl, Ionan Marigómez, Manu Soto
In mollusks, gills are an important biological barrier as they comprise a large respiratory surface located in the interface between the surrounding milieu and the circulatory system. This barrier is comprised of a respiratory epithelium and the underlying blood cells, known as hemocytes. Hemocytes are endowed with well-developed endo-lysosomal system and highly active in endocytosis and phagocytosis, and are active in the systemic transport of foreign particles and substances, including also NPs (Canesi et al. 2012, Katsumiti et al. 2015a,b, Fig. 3). In marine filter-feeding bivalves, together with the respiratory function, gills are also involved in feeding, particularly in the sorting and ingestion of food particles. Food particles are trapped by the gill sieve are moved towards the labial palps and the mouth, thus entering the gut, and reaching the digestive gland, where intracellular digestion occurs in digestive cells (Vale et al. 2016). Digestive cells have an extremely developed lysosomal system for intracellular digestion (Marigómez et al. 2002).
Immunocompetence in Invertebrates
Published in C. S. Giam, Lee E. Ray, Pollutant Studies in Marine Animals, 2018
Hemocytes from Mercenaria were shown to contain hemolytic activity. Hemocytes from hemolymph samples pooled from five clams were harvested by centrifugation and washed with sterile sea saline (SSS). The cells were lysed with 1 mℓ deionized water and homogenized. The cellular debris was removed by centrifugation, and the supernatant adjusted to be isoosmotic for rabbit red blood cells. In assays of 2 different pools, hemocyte lysate was tested for hemolytic activity; 0.25 mℓ (lysate of hemocytes from 5 mℓ hemolymph) mediated an average of 78.2% rabbit erythrocyte lysis during 1 hr incubation, and 0.5 mℓ of cell-free hemolymph from the same animals produced 32.4% lysis under similar conditions.
Blood suspensions in animals
Published in Annie Viallat, Manouk Abkarian, Dynamics of Blood Cell Suspensions in Microflows, 2019
Pigments for oxygen transport circulate mainly in solution (e.g., hemocyanin (blue color in arthropods, mollusks), hemerythrine (pink color in annelids, brachiopods), chlorocruorin (green color in some marine species)), but cells are also used for their transport. A comprehensive survey on invertebrate oxygen carriers including also plant hemoglobins can be found in a textbook, previously edited by Ch. P. Mangum [141]. It appears - despite the fact that the knowledge on this issue is still limited by the huge number of species that must be systematically investigated - that no simple explanation is viable to help us understand the nature of blood and RBCs in the invertebrates. Tissue heme proteins are present in lower invertebrate animals, and RBCs developed together with the circulation, but circulatory systems and ”blood” are so diverse that no simple conclusion can be drawn. Generally, circulating hemocytes are nucleated and their function is not restricted to oxygen transport but includes phagocytosis/pinocytosis, blood clotting, wound healing, and metabolic processes, as well [239]. Surprisingly, it appears that oxygen transport plays an underlying role. Although RBC hemoglobins of non-vertebrates can store and transfer oxygen, only the pigment of vertebrate RBCs shows the typical respiratory properties that we typically attribute to hemoglobin [142].
In vivo effects of 1,4-dioxane on genotoxic parameters and behavioral alterations in Drosophila melanogaster
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
The Drosophila blood system consists of hemocytes that function in innate immunity tissue integrity, wound healing, and response to stress conditions (Banerjee et al. 2019). It is important to note that these Drosophila hemocytes are functionally similar to mammalian myeloid cells (Irving et al. 2005). Hemocytes play critical roles in immune functions and responses to oxidant stress in Drosophila (Banerjee et al. 2019; Meister and Lagueux 2003). Previously, hemocytes of Drosophila larvae were employed to establish oxidant-induced stress by measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (2020; Alaraby et al. 2015; Demir 2020; Demir and Marcos 2018). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) interact with DNA to produce damage resulting in various genotoxic modifications (Guo et al. 2014; Srinivas et al. 2019). Salehi et al. (2018) noted that ROS induces different types of DNA damage by oxidizing nucleoside bases as evidenced by production of 8-oxoguanine. Evidence indicates there is a close relationship between oxidative DNA damage and development of cancer (Moloney and Cotter 2018; Okamoto et al. 1994; Prasad, C, Gupta, and Tyagi 2017; Toyokuni et al. 1995). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of DXN on ROS production as well as behavioral and developmental alterations, which are closely related to neuronal functions in D. melanogaster. In addition, the influence of DXN was examined on genotixic parameters as evidenced from determination of DNA damage, mutagenicity and recombinogenic responses.
The effect of exposure to crude oil on the immune system. Health implications for people living near oil exploration activities
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Pauline McLoone, Olzhas Dyussupov, Zhaxybek Nurtlessov, Ussen Kenessariyev, Dinara Kenessary
Other PAHs such as phenanthrene, a major component of crude oil, induce oxidative stress and reduce cell membrane stability in hemocytes from exposed temperate scallops (Hannam et al. 2010). During oxidative stress, cell membranes can be targeted by reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in the induction of an autocatalytic oxidation process, known as lipid peroxidation (LPO). An increase in LPO was observed following exposure to the highest concentration of phenanthrene: LPO can perturb membrane structure and function, and disrupt membrane-bound enzymes and surface receptors.
An in vivo study of nanorod, nanosphere, and nanowire forms of titanium dioxide using Drosophila melanogaster: toxicity, cellular uptake, oxidative stress, and DNA damage
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured in hemocytes of Drosophila larvae following TiO2 (NRs, NSs, and NWs) treatment. The presence of intracellular ROS was measured in hemocytes using the 2ʹ,7ʹ-dichlorodihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay (Demir and Marcos 2017). Our previously published protocol was followed (Alaraby et al. 2020, 2015b, 2015a; Demir and Marcos 2017, 2018a).