China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Currently, preventative vaccines are being developed using weakened or harmless virus forms to impart and invoke the immune system, which can then recognise and fight with the potential threats. These therapeutic vaccines compel the immune system to attack cancer cells. Four vaccines have been designed to treat or prevent cancer:Sipuleucel-T: The first therapeutic cancer vaccine that received the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for treatment of some forms of prostrate cancer. It uses a patient’s re-engineered cells, which are then injected back into the body to help activate the immune system.Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG): It is widely used as a preventative vaccine for tuberculosis, but also used as a therapeutic vaccine to treat very early stages of bladder cancer.Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV): HBV became the first FDA-approved vaccine to prevent cancer. Children receive the HBV vaccine soon after birth to prevent liver cancer, as recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine: These are the preventive vaccines designed for protection against infections from HPV strains responsible for many cancers.
Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution, and Therapeutic Applications of Recently Developed siRNA and DNA Repair Genes Recurrence
Published in Loutfy H. Madkour, Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment, 2022
Hepatitis virus infection accounts for most cases of liver infections. When left untreated, patients infected by hepatitis B, C, and D viruses are chronically disturbed and further develop liver cirrhosis and HCC [74]. Currently, 90% hepatitis B vaccine is effective in preventing hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but >700,000 deaths still occur worldwide as a consequence of HBV infection [75]. Patients with chronic HBV infection are currently treated with anti-viral agents such as tenofovir and entecavir together with immunomodulators like IFN-α 2b, but side effects and viral resistance limit the effectiveness of these therapies [76]. In this regard, RNAi is considered a potentially attractive treatment for HBV infection. Hepatitis B virion is composed of circular double-stranded DNA, which contains four overlapping open-reading frames (ORFs: S, Pol, X, and C) that encode essential proteins like pre-core protein (also known as HBeAg), core protein (HBcAg), envelope protein (HBsAg), X protein, and viral polymerase [77]. Among them, the X protein, encoded by ORF X gene, was known to regulate transcription and translation by transactivation of viral and cellular promoters, and several studies showed that HBx-specific siRNAs could suppress HBV viral replication [78,79]. ORF C is another valid target. It encodes polyadenylation region that plays important function in all the transcripts [80] and contains sequences that can encode nuclear localization signal needed for transporting covalently closed circular DNA, which serves as the template for viral transcription [81,82].
Novel RNA Interference (RNAi)-Based Nanomedicines for Treating Viral Infections
Published in Dan Peer, Handbook of Harnessing Biomaterials in Nanomedicine, 2021
Nyree Maes, Skye Zeller, Priti Kumar
HBV, a member of the Hepadnavirus family, comprises a partially double-stranded relaxed circular DNA genome. HBV poses a threat to public health worldwide, with an estimated 350 million people being chronically infected with the virus and an estimated 600,0001,200,000 HBV-related deaths per year [74]. Chronic infection with HBV can lead to significant health problems including cirrhosis of the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although a very effective HBV vaccine exists, therapeutics for individuals infected with HBV are lacking [74]. Currently, chronic HBV infections are treated with interferon-a, often in combination with nucleoside or nucleotide analogues. However, the low overall efficacy, poor compliance and toxicity of these drug regimens [94] have spurred an interest in potential RNAi therapies for chronic HBV infection despite the lack of relevant and reliable small animal models for HBV [105].
The roadmap towards cure of chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2022
HBV eradication should be possible because no non-human reservoir exists, and because HBV transmission is understood and can be interrupted. Finally, a very safe, inexpensive and effective vaccination exists which can protect HBV-naïve individuals from infection. More than 99% of adults with chronic HBV infection were infected either at birth through vertical transmission from a mother with chronic HBV infection or in early childhood through early horizontal infection from a household member or another child with chronic HBV infection. Both routes of transmission can be prevented by neonatal vaccination. A pharmaco-economic analysis demonstrated that neonatal HBV vaccination costs USD28 per disability-adjusted life year saved, this one of the most cost-effective health intervention ever developed (Kim et al. 2007). The benefits of neonatal vaccination are most obvious in the Western Pacific region where the prevalence of HBV infection in children under the age of 5 has decreased from 10% to less than 1% thanks to high rates of neonatal vaccination – more than 98% of infants received all 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine, with more than 90% receiving the first dose of vaccine within the first 12 h after birth (so-called Birth Dose). Recent evidence that the recombinant vaccine remains effective when stored at ambient temperature for up to one month will aid birth dose vaccination coverage in those low income countries with insufficient cold chain capacity or numerous home births (Breakwell et al. 2017).
Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen by immunoassay using magnetite nanoparticles binding hepatitis B surface antibody
Published in Geosystem Engineering, 2019
Bui Trung Thanh, Tran Hoang Hai, Pham Hung Van, Le Minh Tung, Jaeryeong Lee
Infection caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global health problem. HBV attacks liver cells and is one of the major causes of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (Wu et al., 2016). According to the World Health Organization, approximately 257 million people worldwide are living with HBV infection, based on their positive reaction for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). In 2015, there were 887,000 recorded deaths from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The presence of HBsAg in the serum or plasma indicates that a person has HBV infection. HBsAg typically appears in serum 1–10 weeks after an acute HBV infection (Bozza, Cinausero, Iacono, & Puglisi, 2016). Upon a positive HBsAg test, the patient is considered to have an acute or chronic HBV infection. A negative HBsAg result means that the patient is considered noninfectious (Krajden, McNabb, & Petric, 2005).
Analysis of an SVIC model with age-dependent infection and asymptomatic carriers
Published in Applicable Analysis, 2018
Jinliang Wang, Di Wu, Hongquan Sun
In recent years, much attention has been paid to prevent the spread of diseases by using effective control measures. Vaccination is a common way to prevent and control the epidemic spread. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a liver disease caused by the HBV virus of the Hepadnavirus family. It is reported in [1] that about 2 billion people have been infected with HBV and about 600,000 persons die each year due to the acute or chronic consequences of HBV, for example, such as, HBV-related liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma. World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that hepatitis B vaccination should be included in the national immunization program in countries with an HBsAg carrier prevalence of 8 by 1995 and all countries by 1997 [2].