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Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Glomerulosclerosis describes the scarring that occurs within the kidneys in the small balls of tiny blood vessels called the glomeruli. The glomeruli assist the kidneys in filtering urine from the blood.
Marine Algae in Diabetes and Its Complications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Diabetic nephropathy is a clinical syndrome characterized by persistent albuminuria and a progressive decline in renal function, and the term infers the presence of a typical pattern of glomerular disease. The clinical features characterizing diabetic nephropathy include thickening of the basement membrane, extracellular matrix accumulation, and tubular and glomerular hypertrophy (Porrini et al., 2015; Xie et al., 2017). Many epidemiological studies demonstrate that ethnicity, family history, gestational diabetes, elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, obesity and insulin resistance are the major risk factors for diabetic nephropathy. Other putative risk factors include elevated glycosylated hemoglobin level (HbA1c), elevated systolic pressure, proteinuria, and smoking (Eberhard, 2006). Genome-wide transcriptome studies (Hameed et al., 2018) and high-throughput technologies (Kato and Natarajan, 2014) indicate the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways and oxidative stress, highlighting the role of genetic factors. Evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, noncoding RNAs, and histone modifications can also play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Accordingly, cytokine TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β gene promoter polymorphisms and modulation in expression have been linked to diabetic nephropathy susceptibility in subjects. Dysregulation of the local metabolic environment triggered by inflammation and subsequent tissue remodeling may initiate kidney damage (Zheng and Zheng, 2016). Excess intracellular glucose has been shown to activate cellular signaling pathways such as the diacylglycerol (DAG)-PKC pathway, AGEs, polyol pathway, hexosamine pathway, and oxidative stress (Ni et al., 2015). Many studies have linked these pathways to key steps in the development of glomerulosclerosis. In addition to these metabolic pathways, Rho-kinase, an effector of small-GTPase binding protein Rho, has been linked to various steps in the ultrastructural damage of diabetic nephropathy by inducing endothelial dysfunction, mesangial excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) production, podocyte abnormality, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis (Kawanami et al., 2016).
Boswellic acids ameliorate doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice: a focus on antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
Manal M. Sami, Eman A.I. Ali, Rania A. Galhom, Amal M. Youssef, Hala M.F. Mohammad
This study elucidated the protecting activity of BAs against nephrotoxicity induced by DXR in mice. The utilized doses of DXR in the current study were tested previously in mice [18]. A cumulative dose of DXR (18 mg/kg) was used to produce renal damage that was evident by higher serum urea and creatinine and by renal histopathological changes shown by two different stains. Renal damage induced by DXR, in rats and other strains of mice, was documented in previous studies. A single injection DXR (10 mg/kg) to female BALB/c mice was reported to produce proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis after 20 days [34]. In the current study design, DXR was sufficient to induce glomerular sclerosis and other histopathological changes indicating the nephrotoxic effect for the utilized dose.
A two-fold interpenetrating coordination polymer: protective effect in the acute glomerulonephritis treatment by reducing tlr4 and nf-κb gene expression
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Structure and design of metal-involved supramolecular architectures based on crystal engineering are currently of interest in the field of supramolecular chemistry and coordination chemistry.[4–6] The increasing interest in this field is justified not only by their valuable unit structure, but also their potential applications in luminescence, catalysis, and biochemistry, particularly in modern medicinal chemistry.[7–10] Among the series of compounds fabricated, the functional complexes attract great attention due to the potential drug value applications.[11] Thus, selecting safe, efficient and biocompatible ligands has become a crucial factor in the field of structural design, drug therapy, and clinical applications. Polydentate ligands such as polycarboxylic acids or nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ligands are widely used in the rational design and controlled synthesis of these multifunctional complexes.[12–15] Recently, N-heterocyclic carboxylate ligands have attracted considerable attention of chemists and biologists because of their abundant coordination modes and functional properties, as well as hydrogen‐bonding donors and acceptors under solution conditions. Furthermore, ligands containing N-donor and polycarboxylic moieties are often used for constructing coordination complexes because of their better binding ability with metal centers.[16–19] In this study, a new Co(II)-based coordination polymer (CP) with the chemical formula of {[Co2(BIP)2(L)]·2H2O}n (1) (BIP = 4,4′-bis(imidazol-1-yl)phenyl) has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions using a N-heterocyclic carboxylate ligand 5,5′-(triazole-2,5-diyl)diisophthalic acid (H4L) and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopic, elemental and thermogravimetric analyses. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses indicate that complex 1 exhibits a unique 3 D two-fold interpenetrated network with a point symbol of {64·82}. To evaluate the treatment effect of complex 1 on focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, the FSGS mice model was constructed, followed by complex 1 injection for treatment. After that, the level of 24-h urine protein contents was evaluated, and the results indicated that complex 1 showed excellent protective role in renal impairment. Besides, the tlr4 and nf-κb gene expression detected by RT-PCR revealed that the protective effect of compound was due to the inhibitory effect of complex 1 on inflammatory genes expression.