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Applications of Nanomaterials in Agriculture and Their Safety Aspect
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Natália Cruz-Martins, Biogenic Nanomaterials, 2023
Leo Bey Fen, Ahmad Hazri Abd. Rashid, Nurul Izza Nordin, M.A. Motalib Hossain, Syed Muhammad Kamal Uddin, Mohd. Rafie Johan, Devarajan Thangadurai
The presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) protects against pathogens and toxic stresses and promote plant growth and development (Jeffries et al., 2003). AMF is a symbiotic microorganism to most terrestrial plant species which secrete glomalin, a glycoprotein which act as a metal chelator in the rhizosphere, a region of soil near the plant root. Ghasemi et al. (2017) reported that the reduction of ZnO NP availability and uptake by the plant may be due to the secretion of glomalin by AMF (Siani et al., 2017). It was also reported that AMF reduced the toxicity effects of ENMs in plants, although the colonization and diversity of AMF themselves are being inhibited by ENMs (Marmiroli, 2019). This indicates the protective roles of this rhizospheric AMF in preventing nanotoxicity of ENMs in plants and emphasize the importance to include soil-microbial interactions when assessing nanophytotoxicology and risks.
Fungal Influence on Hydrophobic Organic Pollutants Dynamics within the Soil Matrices
Published in Vivek Kumar, Rhizomicrobiome Dynamics in Bioremediation, 2021
Claire Baranger, Isabelle Pezron, Anne Le Goff, Antoine Fayeulle
Glomalin is a glycoprotein found abundantly in soils, produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Glomerales family. It was first identified as a soil protein fraction referred to as glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), which likely includes a mix of extracellular fungal proteins (Rillig 2004, Gadkar and Rillig 2006). Glomalin itself is thought to be a protein component of the cell wall in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that persists in the soil after hyphal death and degradation (Driver et al. 2005). GRSP is known to promote the aggregation of soil particles, affecting soil hydrophobicity and texture. In relation to its role as a structural soil component displaying binding properties, GRSP has been linked to the retention of heavy metals in soils (González-Chávez et al. 2004). Chen et al. (2018) showed that added GRSP in a soil enhances the accumulation of PAHs in ryegrass plants. The authors attributed the increased sorption to plant roots in part to a higher PAH sorbed fraction at the root surface, suggesting that glomalin may act as a “glue” between the pollutant and the root cell wall. Another study demonstrated that the addition of GRSP in a phenanthrene-spiked soil could increase the extractible fraction of phenanthrene in n-butanol (Gao et al. 2017). These results indicate the ability of dissolved GRSP to mobilize PAH and facilitate its transfer to other organisms. In a similar way, cell-wall bound glomalin could mediate the sorption of HOC to the surface of living hyphae.
Biological Indicators for Monitoring Soil Quality under Different Land Use Systems
Published in Amitava Rakshit, Manoj Parihar, Binoy Sarkar, Harikesh B. Singh, Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto, Bioremediation Science From Theory to Practice, 2021
Bisweswar Gorain, Srijita Paul
It is an important fungal component which is hydrophobic and proteinaceous in nature (Wright and Upadhyay 1996). Glomalin as glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) is reported to improve soil stability by avoiding water mediated defloculation (Wright et al. 2008, Wright and Upadhyay 1998). A good correlation between glomalin concentration and the amount of water stable aggregates (WSA) was observed. Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) being gelatinous in nature seals most soil pores, thereby hindering penetration of water in soil aggregates (Wright and Upadhyaya 1998, Rillig 2004, Harner et al. 2004, Rillig 2004). GRSP is often used as a biochemical marker in soil due to its stability even with negative management effects (Rosier et al. 2006) on mycorrhizal fungi, viz. tillage, and inclusion of fallow into crop rotation. Bedini et al. (2009) used isolates of Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices for inoculating Medicago sativa plants in a microcosm experiment and reported enhanced soil aggregate stability as mean weight diameter (MWD) of macro aggregates of 1-2 mm diameter, in inoculated soils compared to non-inoculated ones. They also reported a strong positive correlation between GRSP concentration and soil aggregate stability with mycorrhizal root volume and a weak correlation with total root volume.
The role of glomalin in mitigation of multiple soil degradation problems
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Ashutosh Kumar Singh, Xiai Zhu, Chunfeng Chen, Junen Wu, Bin Yang, Sissou Zakari, Xiao Jin Jiang, Nandita Singh, Wenjie Liu
Glomalin is naturally a gluey substance, which promotes soil aggregate formation by acting as a binding agent while combining soil particles and organic matter. Thereby, it improves soil physical properties such as bulk density, porosity, water holding capacity, and control soil erosion by reducing soil runoff losses. The presence of a higher amount of essential nutrients within glomalin such as C, N, P, Fe, S, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Cu allows it to act as a direct source of nutrients for the plants. It probably acts as a slow mineralizing organic substance (or fertilizer) in soil medium because decomposition of glomalin is relatively slower than labile organic matter.
Interactive Effects of Potassium and Mycorrhizal Fungi on Glomalin and Biochemical Responses of Sunflower Grown in a Pb and Zn Contaminated Soil
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2022
Mojtaba Jahantigh, Zahra Ahmadabadi, Babak Motesharezadeh, Hossein Ali Alikhani, Seyedeh Mahsa Hosseini, Qifu Ma
The present study demonstrated that the effect of MY was significant (P > .01) on both EEG and TG, while the interactive effects of K and MY was significant (P > .01) only on EEG. There was a significant difference between glomalin secretion in treatments of mixed mycorrhizal inoculum and treatments of Rhizophagus. Mixed mycorrhizal inoculum affected EEG and TG approximately 2.5 to 3 times more compared to the inoculum of Rhizophagus. This may be because of some antagonistic interaction between the three types of mycorrhiza (Rhizophagus irregularis, Funneliformis mosseae, and Glomus etunicatum). Another reason for this response could be the direct association between mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi with glomalin secretion and also its effect on TG, on the other hand, potassium does not affect the glomalin secretion and only plays an anti-stress role for the plant. In addition, the biochemical structure of glomalin is not yet fully known (Bedini et al., 2010). In the present study, the highest and the lowest values of TG were 350 and 50 µg g−1 soil, respectively. Under stress conditions, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi allocate a considerable amount of carbon needed for hyphae growth to glomalin production (Rillig and Steinberg 2002), the production of glomalin by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to be an important strategy under stress conditions (Chern, Tsai, and Ogunseitan 2007). Wu et al. (2014) also observed that there was a significant positive correlation between the percentage of root colonization and glomalin secreted by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Generally, under unfavorable growth conditions, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi allocate a considerable amount of carbon and nitrogen to glomalin secretion, so it is assumed that the major function of glomalin is to protect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and then the host plant (Gao, Wang., and Wu 2019).