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Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
Upward rotation when the scapula’s glenoid fossa faces a little bit upward. Downward rotation is the opposite action of the upward rotation. The glenohumeral joint consists of a nearly hemispherical humeral head and the relatively shallow glenoid cavity on the lateral aspect of the scapula. The glenoid labrum is a fibrous structure around the perimeter of the glenoid cavity and serves to improve stability to the joint.
Softball pitching mechanics and shoulder injuries: a narrative review
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2023
Paul D. Minetos, Jeffrey D. Trojan, Symone M. Brown, Mary K. Mulcahey
The dual role of the biceps, that is, resisting glenohumeral distraction and producing elbow flexion torque, makes the biceps brachii particularly susceptible to overuse injuries in windmill pitchers (Barrentine et al., 1998; Briskin, 2012; Oliver et al., 2011; Rojas et al., 2009). Long periods of excessive pitching, as may occur during weekend softball tournaments, have been found to increase inflammatory changes in the biceps long head tendon in the softball pitcher (Barfield et al., 2018). Pathologic changes of the rotator cuff and glenoid labrum, including posterosuperior labral lesions and superior labral anterior posterior lesions, have been shown in baseball players to be correlated with a large compressive force on the glenohumeral joint imparted by the biceps long head tendon (Andrews et al., 1985; Barrentine et al., 1998; Werner et al., 2001, 2005, 2006). Given the similar glenohumeral compressive forces experienced during both the windmill pitch and overhand baseball pitch (Barrentine et al., 1998; Werner et al., 2001, 2006), the association between compressive force of the biceps brachii and labral pathology in baseball players (Andrews et al., 1985) is also a concern for the potential to develop labral pathology in softball pitchers.
Evaluation of approaches to estimate scapular kinematics during baseball pitching
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
R. Tyler Richardson, Benjamin Lerch, Kristen F. Nicholson
Baseball is an extremely popular sport that is played by approximately 11.5 million people as a recreational activity (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012) and over 2.5 million individuals in organized leagues (Lesniak et al., 2013) in the United States alone. Pitcher is the most frequently played position and involves repetitive bouts of high loading (Fleisig et al., 1999; Werner et al., 2001) and rapid rotational motion at the shoulder (Fleisig et al., 1999). Consequently, pitching is the leading mechanism of shoulder injury (Collins & Comstock, 2008; Krajnik et al., 2010; Posner et al., 2011) with the shoulder being the most injured body part in pitchers (Collins & Comstock, 2008; Posner et al., 2011). The most frequently observed shoulder injuries from throwing, such as rotator cuff injuries, impingement syndrome, and glenoid labral tears, all primarily involve the glenohumeral joint (Wilk et al., 2009) and are associated with long recovery times (Collins & Comstock, 2008; Wilk et al., 2009; Zaremski & Krabak, 2012), recurring injury (Krajnik et al., 2010; Powell & Barber-Foss, 2000), and decreased performance or failure to return to sport (Andrews, 2006; Harris et al., 2013). Accordingly, knowledge of glenohumeral joint mechanics is essential to understanding factors related to injury and performance associated with pitching.