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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
The food formed into a bolus in the mouth passes down the oesophagus due to propulsive contractions of the muscle of the oesophagus, which are controlled by another parasympathetic cranial nerve, the vagus. Then the food enters the stomach which not only acts as a storage organ but also promotes digestion by secretions (pepsin and hydrochloric acid for digestion of proteins) from the cells lining the stomach wall. The secretions of the stomach are also under control of the vagus nerve and also a hormone called gastrin.
Advanced materials and technologies for oral diseases
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2023
Hao Cui, Yan You, Guo-Wang Cheng, Zhou Lan, Ke-Long Zou, Qiu-Ying Mai, Yan-Hua Han, Hao Chen, Yu-Yue Zhao, Guang-Tao Yu
Optical imaging systems have been intensively studied for cancer diagnosis, respectively. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is an important target for OSCC imaging and therapy [243]. Li et al. successfully prepared gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-specific nGO nanoprobes for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of OSCC. The probe has the characteristics of large surface area, good water dispersibility, good biocompatibility, easy surface modification, and low manufacturing cost. Furthermore, it has a high binding affinity and specificity to GRPR-positive HSC-3 cells, which enhances the imaging effect [244]. In our previous experiments, we used the quantum dot (QD)-based overlap-free emission nanoprobes in a second NIR window (NIR-II, 1000) for analyzing the dynamic expression of MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) (Figure 10(b)). The result shows that NIR-II fluorescent nanoprobes with molecular targeting capability can be used as a real-time monitor for changes in the in vivo immune cell population to assess tumor progression [234]. These experimental results demonstrate the considerable potential of optical imaging systems for diagnosing oral cancer.
Engineering of 177Lu-labeled gold encapsulated into dendrimeric nanomaterials for the treatment of lung cancer
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Zheng Wang, Minhua Ye, Dehua Ma, Jianfei Shen, Fang Fang
Bombesin and GRP-similar peptides have been implicated as growth factors in various kinds of carcinoma over the last two decades. Most of the lung cancer tissues overexpress the gastrin-releasing peptide receptors [41–44]. Several bombesin derivatives with solid potential for GRPR have explored in clinical investigations for specific receptors treatment and imaging. Radionuclide imaging of lung cancers has been successfully performed using radio-bombesin analogues in clinical trials [45–47]. Therefore, HEL-299 human lung cells have been utilized as tumour models to assess novel bombesin probes [48]. A membrane-bound protein with a great affinity for binding and delivering folate into cells, folate receptor-α (FR-α) is a folate receptor. Enhanced control of cell metabolism, folate is also involved in DNA synthesis and repair and cellular respiration. Antifolates are often used in cancer treatment because cancer cells, which quickly increase, have higher folate requirements to retain DNA engineering. All lung cancer subtypes and overexpress FRs. FRs are significantly expressed in HEL-299 cells, according to current polymerase chain reaction (PCR) investigations [49–52].
Theranostic approaches in nuclear medicine: current status and future prospects
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Luca Filippi, Agostino Chiaravalloti, Orazio Schillaci, Roberto Cianni, Oreste Bagni
Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are rare malignancies with an incidence of 5.86/100,000 per year and prevalence in the female sex [36,37]. NET arise from the neuroendocrine cells with a prevalent involvement of the gastrointestinal tract (62%-67%) and the lung (22%-27%). At presentation the 12–22% of the subjects exhibits metastases, the liver being the most frequent site of colonization. NET are usually classified into G1, G2, and G3 according to the mitotic index [37]. Another crucial dichotomization concerns the categorization of NET into ‘functioning’ and ‘non-functioning.’ ‘Funtioning’ NET produce a variety of hormones such as insulin, gastrin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), serotonin, somatostatin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which can cause a wide spectrum of symptoms [38]. Surgery is the treatment of choice but it is not always feasible due to the advanced stage of presentation.