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Common Sense Emergency Response
Published in Robert A. Burke, Common Sense Emergency Response, 2020
Compressed gas cylinders are also quite common and often used for oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, fire extinguishing agents, hydrogen, and many others. These containers are constructed of heavy steel and have operating pressures of 3,000–6,000 psi. Just the pressure alone in the container can present a significant physical hazard if the valves are knocked off or the containers are exposed to high heat or direct flame contact. These containers can rocket a great distance and present an impact hazard to building occupants and response personnel. Cylinders in storage should have a protective valve cap in place over the valve and be secured in place or to a cart. Exposed valves can be sheared off if a cylinder is knocked over. Cylinders in use should also be secured in place. Cylinders should never be moved or transported with the regulator in place, and it should be replaced with the protective valve cap. Fire code inspectors should watch for proper storage and use of high-pressure cylinders during inspections. While many compressed gas cylinders are painted, there isn’t any reliable color code system to identify the contents from the color of the container.
Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
The need for lighter gas storage has led to the development of lightweight composite rather than steel cylinders. Carbon-wrapped aluminum cylinders can store hydrogen at pressures of up to 55MPa(550 bar/8000 PSI). In most countries, gas cylinders are typically filled up to a maximum of 24.8 or 30MPa (248 bar/3600 PSI and 300 bar/4350 PSI, respectively). At the higher pressure, a modern composite tank reaches a hydrogen mass fraction of approximately 3%, i.e., only 3% of the weight of the full cylinder consists of hydrogen. In a further development, so called “conformable” tanks have been produced in order to give a better space filling than packed cylinders.
Standard of Care and Hazmat Planning
Published in Robert A. Burke, Standard of Care and Hazmat Planning, 2020
Compressed gas cylinders are also quite common and often used for oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, fire extinguishing agents, hydrogen and many others (Figure 2.136). These containers are constructed of heavy steel and have operating pressures of 3,000–6,000 psi. Just the pressure alone in the container can present a significant physical hazard if the valves are knocked off or the containers are exposed to high heat or direct flame contact. These containers can rocket a great distance and present an impact hazard to building occupants and response personnel.
Permeability variation and sensitivity of CO2 injection into coals under the control of effective stress and temperature
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Chen Guo, Jinxiao Yang, Qiang Sun, Jiang Gou, Junzhe Gao
The gas reservoir permeability evaluation system (Model RPE-712) was adopted to perform permeability tests. The schematic drawing of the experimental apparatus is depicted (Figure 2). The coal samples were placed into the core gripper, simulating in-situ stress by adjusting the confining pressure with a pressure pump. The gas injection pressure is changed by the pressure-regulating valve at the outlet of the gas cylinder. The gas outlet pressure was set as the atmospheric pressure (0.101 MPa). Pressure sensors and differential pressure sensors with various ranges were used to measure the gas pressure at both ends of the sample in the core holder and the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet ends, respectively. The outlet gas flow was measured by a gas flowmeter (range: 0–1000 mL/min; precision: 1 mL/min), and the water outflow was measured by an electronic balance (not involved in this study). An incubator, where the core holder was placed, was used to simulate the temperature of the coal sample. The gas used for the tests was CO2, 99.99% purity.
Experimental study on formation characteristics of carbon dioxide hydrate in frozen porous media
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2021
Xuemin Zhang, Jinping Li, Jiaxian Wang, Qingbai Wu, Yingmei Wang, Ze Yao
Figure 1 shows the schematic graph of the hydrate formation apparatus used in this work. The main part of the apparatus consisted of a high-pressure vessel, a constant temperature alcohol bath, a gas cylinder, a vacuum pump, a data acquisition system. And the high-pressure vessel (316 L stainless steel) was the key part of the system and the maximum work pressure of 20 MPa. The internal volume of the vessel was 300 mL. Temperature in the vessel was controlled by the constant temperature alcohol bath and an accuracy of ± 0.1 K. The gas cylinder supplied CO2 gas and controlled the system pressure. The high-pressure vessel was evacuated twice at least to remove air with a vacuum pump before the CO2 gas injected. The temperature was detected by a platinum resistance thermometer (an uncertainty of ± 0.1 K). The pressure was detected by a pressure transducer with an uncertainty of ± 0.5% within the range 0–10 MPa. Then the data documented using the data acquisition system Agilent 34970A during the experiment.
Inhibition of Aluminum Powder Explosion by a NaHCO3/Kaolin Composite Powder Suppressant
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2022
Ke Yan, Xiangbao Meng, Zheng Wang, Qin Xiao, Xuesong Ma, Zhicheng Cui
A 20 L spherical explosion test device is used to perform an aluminum powder explosion overpressure suppression experiment. The 20 L spherical explosion test device is shown in Figure 2. This device is mainly composed of a 20 L spherical explosion tank, powder spray system, ignition system, and experimental data acquisition system as well as other components. In the experiment, the aluminum powder and the composite powder antidepressant are mixed uniformly, and the ignition head is connected to the two electrodes in the explosion tank through a wire. The ignition head, composed of zircon powder, barium peroxide and barium nitrate mixed in the proportion of 4:3:3, was attached to the two electrodes in the explosion vessel through a conductor. To prevent the excessive driving energy caused by excessive ignition energy (Ni et al. 2009), the experiment uses an ignition head with a total mass of 0.48 g and a total energy of 2 kJ. Then, the composite powder, which was mixed evenly before the experiment, was charged into the powder storage chamber. The high-pressure gas cylinder was used to pressurize the gas storage tank with a volume of 0.6 L to 2 MPa, and the explosion tank was evacuated to −0.06 MPa with a vacuum pump. It is necessary to ensure that the explosive tank is at normal pressure when the powder is ignited. Finally, the automatic control system controls the solenoid valve to open, and the composite powder is evenly dispersed into the 20 L explosion tank through a hemispherical diffuser with high-pressure gas to form a uniform dust cloud. After a 60 ms ignition delay, the ignition system automatically ignites. The dust cloud in the explosive tank is detonated, and the data acquisition system automatically collects data on the pressure of the explosive tank over time. After the experiment, the equipment is organized, and the experimental data is saved. (Li et al. 2012, 2016)