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Marine Polysaccharides in Pharmaceutical Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Riyasree Paul, Sourav Kabiraj, Sreejan Manna, Sougata Jana
Fucoidan is a polysaccharide, isolated from marine brown algae which contain significant amount of fucose along with sulfated ester groups. The percentage of fucose and sulfate is relatively higher in fucoidan isolated from Fucus vesiculosus. Fucoidan can also be extracted from Sargassum stenophyllum containing mannose, xylose, galactose, glucose and glucuronic acid (Luthuli et al. 2019). It contains α-L-fucopyranosyl residue linked with a (1Ñ3) and (1Ñ4) polymeric chain. In recent past, several studies have revealed different biological activities of fucoidans, including antiviral, antioxidant, antitumor, anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is also being used in renal therapy, uropathy and gastroprotective effects (Li et al. 2008). It is also used to develop a useful burn remedy: fucospheres in combination with chitosan through electrostatic interaction (van Weelden et al. 2019).
Marine Macroalgal Biorefinery: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives
Published in Sanjeet Mehariya, Shashi Kant Bhatia, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Nitin Trivedi, Arijit Sankar Mondal, Ritu Sharma, Dhanashree Mone
Brown macroalgae mainly contain laminarin, fucoidan, and alginate as major polysaccharides (Arumugam et al., 2018). Giant bull kelp (Durvillaea potatorum) contains 43.57% (w/w) total polysaccharides, from which Fucoidan/Laminarin comprises 7.02% ± 0.59, acid and alkaline extracted alginate comprises 13.32% ± 0.17, and 23.23% ± 0.80 respectively. Fucoidan is the fucose-rich sulphated polysaccharides that fascinate with its biological active properties resulting in the application of cosmeceuticals, as nutrient-rich food, and dietary supplements (Li et al., 2011). Laminarin is composed of β-glucan which is linked with 1–3 glycosidic bonds and a few 1–6 intrachain glycosidic bonds. Laminarin has been a biologically active component with properties such as anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and anti-apoptotic activities. Alginate is a linear negatively charged polysaccharide, which consists of the β-D-mannuronic acid and α-L-guluronic acid, which are linked by β-1, 4-glycosidic bonds. Because of its biocompatibility, inexpensiveness, reduced toxicity, and capability of making a gel along with the divalent cations such as Ca2+, it shows application in food as well as medical industries (Xing et al., 2020). In addition to this, alginate of brown macroalgae is used for dressing wounds, in tablet production, as an industrial molding material, and as a recombinant biocatalyst. It is also utilized for its adhesive effect and with paper to prepare a biodegradable compound that is able to manufacture furniture. Or it is also used with calcium fibers to make fabric (Ditchburn and Carballeira 2019). Nevertheless, its applications have been restricted because of its high molecular weight, which could be resolved by the degradation of the polymer into the low molecular weight oligosaccharides. These alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) exhibit bioactivities in the food, pharmaceutical, and agricultural fields. Along with this, it possesses anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, neuroprotection, and immunomodulatory properties, and it reduces obesity, blood sugar level, and hypertension; it also promotes the cell proliferation and plant growth regulator (Xing et al., 2020).
Marine biodiversity as a new source of promising polysaccharides
Published in Antonio Trincone, Enzymatic Technologies for Marine Polysaccharides, 2019
Sylvia Colliec-Jouault, Corinne Sinquin, Agata Zykwinska, Christine Delbarre-Ladrat
Fucoidans, or sulfated fucans, are fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides found in brown algal cell wall tissue (Phaeophyceae). They are a family of compounds including fucoidin, fucoidan, ascophyllan, sargassum, and glucuronoxylofucan. They are present mainly in Fucales and Laminariales but also in several orders such as Chordariales and Ectocarpales. Fucoidans are composed mainly of sulfated fucose units, but they present a structural diversity in association with the algal species. They can be highly branched with a large proportion of both α(1→3) and α(1→4) linkages, more or less sulfated with a low content of uronic acids and xylose, rhamnose, and mannose. The biological activity of fucoidans depends on their structure, their degree of sulfation, and also their molecular weight dispersion (Berteau and Mulloy 2003; Deniaud-Bouet et al. 2017). Their anticoagulant activity is the first described biological property using partially purified extracts presenting both HMW and high polydispersity. The preparation of LMW derivatives has highlighted the mechanism of action of fucoidan in blood coagulation. The LMW fucoidans exert their anticoagulant activity by enhancing thrombin inhibition via its natural inhibitors (Nishino et al. 1991; Church et al. 1989; Colliec-Jouault et al. 1991). The antithrombotic activity of fucoidans has been widely reported; they are efficient in preventing venous thrombosis as well as arterial thrombosis with a hemorrhagic risk lower than that of LMW heparin (Colliec-Jouault et al. 2003; Durand et al. 2003). Depending on their molecular weights, fucoidans can inhibit or enhance angiogenesis induced by endothelial cells (Boisson-Vidal et al. 2007; Soeda et al. 2000). Besides their beneficial activity on thrombosis and vascular biology, fucoidans act on the inflammation and immune systems. They can inhibit some processes involved in tissue breakdown and inflammation such as induction of matrix metalloproteinases by inflammatory cytokines and complement cascade and can promote in vitro proliferation of various cells by potentiating heparin-binding growth factor activities. Fucoidans, as potent modulators of connective tissue proteolysis, are effective compounds for wound repair and tissue engineering (O'Leary et al. 2004; Senni et al. 2006, 2011). In several in vitro tumor cell lines and in vivo tumor models, antiproliferative, apoptotic, antimetastatic, and antineoplastic effects of different fucoidans have been described. Different modes of action of fucoidans can be observed: induction of apoptosis, stimulation of immune cells, antiadhesive properties blocking both adhesion and implantation of tumor cells, inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, and/or differentiation (de Jesus Raposo et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2013; Foley et al. 2011; Liu et al. 2005; Nakano et al. 2012). To conclude, fucoidans present a great potential for medical applications (Wijesinghe and Jeon 2012).
Demonstration of the ability of the bacterial polysaccharide FucoPol to flocculate kaolin suspensions
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Diana Araújo, Patrícia Concórdio-Reis, Ana C. Marques, Chantal Sevrin, Christian Grandfils, Vítor D. Alves, Elvira Fortunato, Maria A. M. Reis, Filomena Freitas
The bioflocculant used in this study, the extracellular polysaccharide FucoPol, was composed of fucose (35%mol), glucose (31%mol), galactose (24%mol) and glucuronic acid (10%mol). The acyl group substituents accounted for 12 wt% of the polymer’s mass and comprised pyruvyl, acetyl and succinyl residues. Total protein and inorganic salts contents of 11 wt% and 7 wt%, respectively, were detected. The polymer had an average molecular weight of 4.4 × 106 Da and a polydispersity index of 1.9. These FucoPol features, i.e. a high molecular weight macromolecule containing several anionic residues (glucuronic acid monomers and the acyl substituents pyruvyl and succinyl), should support a bioflocculant property [1]. Having a high molecular weight and a high content of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, namely, uronic acids, are characteristics known to favour the flocculation mechanism [1]. The presence of carboxyl groups, in particular, would allow the molecular chain to stretch as a means of reducing intra- and interchain electrostatic repulsion, thus giving rise to a conformation more adapted to promote a multi binding attachment to the kaolin particles [17,18].
Ex vivo treatment with fucoidan of mononuclear cells from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
K. J. G. Díaz-Resendiz, G. A. Toledo-Ibarra, R. Ruiz-Manzano, D.A. Giron Perez, C.E. Covantes-Rosales, A. B. Benitez-Trinidad, K. M Ramirez-Ibarra, A. T. Hermosillo Escobedo, I. González-Navarro, G.H. Ventura-Ramón, A. Romero Castro, D. Alam Escamilla, A. Y. Bueno-Duran, Manuel Iván Girón-Pérez
Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide rich in L-fucose that can be found in the extracellular matrix of marine brown algae Phaeophyta, Laminariaceae, Fucaceae, Chordariaceae, Alariaceae (Kloareg and Quatrano 1988; Michel et al. 2010), as well as in some marine invertebrates (Vasseur et al. 1948). Its structure is also composed of other sugars (xylose, arabinose, rhamnose, and glucose), uronic acid, proteins, and acetyl groups; proportions of these components are 50%-90% of L‐fucose, 35%-45% of sulfate, and less than 8% of uronic acid (Vasseur et al. 1948; Citkowska et al. 2019). Several bioactive proprieties has been reported on fucoidan formulations, which mainly depend of its composition (Citkowska et al. 2019).