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Functional Optical Brain Imaging
Published in Hualou Liang, Joseph D. Bronzino, Donald R. Peterson, Biosignal Processing, 2012
As a summary, fNIR results were sensitive to task difficulty specifically at left inferior frontal gyrus in the n-back test. These are in line with the earlier results [21] and with the results of fMRI studies that have used the n-back task [114]. The main hypothesis of this project is that VoiceComm would require more cognitive resources than the DataComm condition. Hence, higher activation for VoiceComm would be expected. The fNIR results from the main effect of communication type (p < 0.05) confirms this hypothesis with a small to moderate effect size (d = 0.36). These fNIR results are also in line with subjective assessments of operators as reported in earlier studies. This study indicated that operator’s cognitive effort for different types of tasks can be objectively assessed by comparing fNIR results. One of the major advantages of using fNIR in this study is that it allowed monitoring brain activity of the ground operators in realistic settings.
Human Performance Assessment: Evaluation of Wearable Sensors for Monitoring Brain Activity
Published in Michael A. Vidulich, Pamela S. Tsang, Improving Aviation Performance through Applying Engineering Psychology, 2019
Kurtulus Izzetoglu, Dale Richards
The improvements we are seeing in wearable technologies presents the experimenter with technology that has the ability to assess the human in a dynamic context (where data are related directly to the task they are performing and can also be deployed within naturalistic settings). Devices that specifically target the neurophysiological mechanism associated with the brain activity are of particular interest, as these measurements could provide a real-time correlation between higher cognitive function and the task the human is conducting. In this chapter, we have seen the application of fNIRS to both UAV Sensor Operator and Air Traffic Control Operator. We have discussed studies that demonstrate how fNIRS can be applied to the UAV SO role and revealed that participant scanning behavior was directly related to changes in the oxygenation levels in different regions of the PFC. This finding supports previous suggestions that this region of the brain supports executive functions, such as visual attention (see Fan, McCandliss, Fossella, Flombaum, & Posner, 2005). Stimulation to this area has also been found to enhance cognitive performance in relation to attentional demand (Weiss & Lavidor, 2012). When we apply this same technology to assess ATCO behavior we observe an increase in oxygenation within the inferior frontal gyrus region of the PFC. This part of the brain has been associated with working memory (Becker, Androsch, Jahn, Alich, Striepens, Markett, Maier, & Hurlemann, 2013; Luo & Niki, 2000); thus, activation of this area will allow us to assess the presentation of information to an operator, or even the manner in which training can allow for better use of cognitive strategies associated with working memory.
Multimodality in brain imaging: Methodological aspects and applications
Published in João Manuel, R. S. Tavares, R. M. Natal Jorge, Computational Modelling of Objects Represented in Images, 2018
S.I. Gonçalves, J.C. Munck, F.H. Lopes Silva
For subject 5, only positive correlations were found in the superior frontal gyrus. In addition, smaller regions negatively correlated to alpha are observed in the vicinity of the pre- and post-central gyrus and also in the superior and middle temporal gyrus. However, in the case of subject 6, for whom only positive correlations were found, these were located in the cortex, namely in the orbitofrontal gyri, precuneus and postcentral gyrus and superior and middle temporal gyrus.
Interactive natural language acquisition in a multi-modal recurrent neural architecture
Published in Connection Science, 2018
Stefan Heinrich, Stefan Wermter
Based on new imaging methods, several hypotheses have been introduced stating that many cortical areas are involved in language processing. In particular, it was claimed that several pathways between superior temporal gyrus (SFG) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) are involved in both language production and comprehension (Friederici, 2012; Hagoort & Levelt, 2009; Hickok & Poeppel, 2007; Huth et al., 2016). These pathways are suggested to include dorsal streams for sensorimotor integration and ventral streams for processing syntax and semantics. An important mechanism found is the activation of conceptual networks that are distributed over sensory areas during processing of words related to body parts (somatosensory areas) or object shapes (visual areas) (Pulvermüller, 2003; Pulvermüller & Fadiga, 2010). Other seemingly important mechanisms found are:
The cognitive and neural correlates of written language: a selective review of bilingualism
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2021
Karen E. Waldie, Gjurgjica Badzakova-Trajkov, Haeme R. P. Park, Yuxuan Zheng, Denise Neumann, Nasrin Zamani Foroushani
As shown in Figure 2A, we found that monolinguals showed strong activations in the left inferior frontal gyrus and in the left superior temporal and fusiform gyri when deciding that the stimulus presented was a real word (versus baseline). Even though we observed some brain activity in the right hemisphere in the inferior frontal, fusiform and lingual gyri, the main cortical activity associated with linguistic processing was left-lateralised.