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Designing for Head and Neck Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The forehead of the face overlies the frontal bone. Other facial bones include the lacrimal (tear) bones, the smallest bones of the skull, which form the medial part of the eye socket. The slight indent between your eyebrows, just above the bridge of your nose, is a landmark spot called the glabella. The upper part of your nose, the bridge, is formed by the left and right nasal bones, facial bones that provide specific facial character. As you feel the length of your nose, you will notice that from the mid-nose to the tip the structure is quite flexible because it is made of cartilage.
Validating 3D face morphing towards improving pre-operative planning in facial reconstruction surgery
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2021
Z. Fishman, Jerry Liu, Joshua Pope, J.A. Fialkov, C.M. Whyne
For craniofacial reconstruction, the lower error forehead and eyes estimations would correspond to the upper and outer-most frontal bone and orbital rim 3D shape beneath the soft tissue. Similarly, the cheek, chin, and mouth regions correspond to potentially guide the zygomatic, maxillary and mandibular lower facial reconstruction, for example, to estimate intergonial widths and the gonial angle. This is particularly relevant in extensive injuries (such as blast and shot gun injuries) in which there is inadequate dentition or absent boney segments to guide maxillo-mandibular dimensions. Occlusion remains the primary goal of any maxillo-mandibular reconstruction and in instances where adequate dentition provides guidance (e.g. fracture reduction), 3D morphable model estimates may compliment traditional occlusal splinting techniques and dental fixation (Hirsch et al. 2009; Levine et al. 2012).
Effects of structural components of artificial turf on the transmission of impacts in football players
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2018
Alberto Encarnación-Martínez, Antonio García-Gallart, Ana M. Gallardo, Juan A. Sánchez-Sáez., Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
The tests consisted in a linear running test on each one of the pitches. With the objective of avoiding the effects of fatigue, the running tests were done with at least a 48 h separation between them. On each pitch the same procedure was followed and a wireless low weight accelerometer system was used to register impacts (Encarnación-Martínez, Pérez-Soriano, & Llana-Belloch, 2015) of a triaxial type (Blautic, Valencia, Spain), with a sample frequency of 300 Hz, a measuring range of up to 16 g and a mass of 2.5 g. The accelerometers were positioned with double sided tape to the skin on the bone prominences in the distal part and anteromedial of the tibia of the right leg and on the frontal bone of the skull. The fastening was reinforced using neoprene tape adjusting the pressure until the comfort limit of the participants (Derrick et al., 2002). Then the accelerometers were calibrated according to the indications of the manufacturer.
The influence of helmet on the prevention of maxillofacial fractures sustained during motorcycle accidents
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2018
Muhammad Ruslin, Jan Wolff, Harmas Yazid Yusuf, Muhammad Zafrullah Arifin, Paolo Boffano, Tymour Forouzanfar
This study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of Medical faculty, the University of Padjadjaran/Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, Indonesia. The study comprised of half-coverage helmeted and unhelmeted patients who had sustained maxillofacial fractures during motorcycle accidents at the urban Bandung area in Indonesia. Only hospitalized patients with maxillofacial fractures and a mild head injury that had been surgically treated within 48 h were included in this study. The riders whose helmet flied out before their head hit the ground were included as unhelmetted patients. All patients who had sustained moderate or severe head injuries were excluded from the study. Furthermore, multiple trauma and alcoholized patients were excluded from the study. The maxillofacial fractures were divided into three parts upper, middle, and lower facial. The upper part of facial skeleton comprising the frontal bone, the middle part comprising the midfacial bone: the maxilla, the nasoethmoid, and lateral midfacial bone-zygoma, and the lower part comprising the mandible. All patients in this study were scored using the GCS upon arrival at the hospital. Furthermore, computed tomography scans of all patients were also performed. Blood samples were taken from all studied patients and centrifuged for 10 min at 2.500 rotations per minute. Neuron-specific enolase measurements were performed with an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) using a sandwich technique in duplicate with NSE kits (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) and the Elecsys 2010 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). This study underwent NSE screening within 24 h since the half-life of NSE in the serum is approximately 48 h (Wunderlich et al., 1999). The NSE cut-off value is 10 ng/ml (Bazarian & Merchant-Borna, 2014).