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Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Lysosome is a membrane-bound sac within the cytoplasm of animal cells that contains enzymes responsible for the digestion of material in food vacuoles, the dissolution of foreign particles entering the cell and, on the death of the cell, the breaking down of all cell structures.
An in vitro study on the differentiated metabolic mechanism of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum using high-resolution metabolomics
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Jinhyuk Na, Jian Zhang, Young Lan Choe, Chae Seung Lim, Youngja Hwang Park
Glutathione (GSH) is the most important metabolite in antioxidant and defensive mechanisms for both Plasmodium and RBCs, since both Plasmodium and Plasmodium-infected RBCs encounter oxidative stress induced by release of heme, which is a product of the digestive activity of the parasite (Atamna and Ginsburg 1993). In addition to the detoxification mechanism following biocrystallization of heme to hemozoin in the parasite’s food vacuole (Sigala and Goldberg 2014), previous in vitro studies reported that GSH exerted antioxidant properties against heme (Atamna and Ginsburg 1995; Loria et al. 1999). Further, Rider et al. (2007) also found that spermidine exerts protective properties against cells from influence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), apart from antioxidant protection by GSH, even if the specific biological role of spermidine in humans remains unknown. Employing HRM, it was noted that antioxidant-related metabolites such as GSH, γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine, and spermidine in RBCs, as well as cysteine, cysteic acid, and spermidine in the media, were significantly altered in Pf3D7 and PfDd2. This study found increased intensities of GSH and its biosynthetic precursor, γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine, in Pf3D7-infected RBCs; however, no marked changes were observed in PfDd2-infected RBCs after treatment with CQ. Further, cysteine, a source of GSH, and its oxidized form, cysteic acid, were significantly altered in Dd2-CQ compared to 3D7-CQ in both cells and medium. In addition, spermidine displayed a significantly low intensity in Dd2-CQ of RBCs and medium. Percario et al. (2012) demonstrated that CQ enhanced oxidative stress in Plasmodium. Therefore, data suggest that PfDd2-infected RBCs treated with CQ were under significant oxidative conditions.