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The Mechanics of Gait
Published in Verna Wright, Eric L. Radin, Mechanics of Human Joints, 2020
Control of the subtalar and midtarsal joints is provided by the same muscles, as all the insertions are distal to both joints. The primary inversion force is the tibialis posterior. This muscle is active through the weight-bearing period, with peaks during loading response and terminal stance (Fig. 6). Medial footsupport is also assisted by the long toe flexors (flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus) and the plantar intrinsic muscles.
The relationship between toe grip strength and intrinsic muscle morphology
Published in Footwear Science, 2019
Joanna Emma Reeves, Richard Jones, Anmin Liu, Leah Bent, Christopher Nester
Height and FHB thickness were predictors of toe grip strength, explaining 52% of the variance. The design of the dynamometer likely explains why FHB was related to toe grip strength, while FDB variables were not. The grip bar of the dynamometer is perpendicular to the long axis of the foot and it is easier to grip the bar with the hallux than the lesser toes, thus FHB likely contributes more to the output of the dynamometer than FDB. Extrinsic foot muscles, like flexor hallucis longus, probably also contribute to toe grip strength output.
A Systematic Review on Muscle Stimulation Techniques
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2023
Nishtha Kashyap, Vinay Kumar Baranwal, Bijit Basumatary, Rajinder Bansal, Ashish Sahani
There are some differences between electrically stimulated muscle contractions and voluntary physiologically initiated muscle contractions, and those differences have an impact on the therapeutic application. The important dissimilarity is the stimulation of motor neurones. When one tries to stimulate the muscle, then the smaller nerve fibres (type-1) are activated first then larger nerve fibres (type-2) are stimulated. The type-2 nerve fibres are also called fast-twitch nerves. Electrically stimulated muscles produce more fatigue, so they need longer recovery times in comparison to voluntary physiological muscle contractions. Fatigue can be encountered by asynchronous stimulation [54]. Denervated muscle is a skeletal muscle that has no longer functional neurones. It can be stimulated by the higher current intensity and pulse width to hopefully restore nerve connection or just to prevent atrophy of muscle in SCI or stroke [42]. The action potential of nerves varies with their types, so different type of nerve requires different amplitude of electrical pulses. For the sensory nerve, short pulses are required, and for the motor nerve, longer pulses are required. In order to improve the foot drop, tibialis anterior muscle stimulated for dorsiflexion and flexor hallucis longus, or flexor digitorum longus can be stimulated for plantar flexion [42,45]. Agonist contraction helps to increase agonist strength and control so, lots of good effects for stroke for spinal cord injury. FES helps to improve the heart and circulatory system of the body by providing a different approach to exercise. It reduces the development of autonomic dysreflexia in persons with an injury at or above the T6 level. This type of person has a high risk of heart disease [30]. NMES technique used in COVID-19 patient to prevent muscles atrophy and maintain homeostasis. It can be used after ICU Rehabilitation for recovery [25]. Respiratory neurostimulation as a potential therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) treatment. Ansa cervicalis of the infrahyoid cervical strap muscles was stimulated to improve the OSA problem [37].