China 
Africa 
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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
Skin allergies – the commonest is probably eczema, which is an inflammation of the skin (dermatitis) occurring in atopic individuals. Skin allergies are attributed to the lack of formation of a protein called filaggrin, which is due to a malfunctioning gene which has been inherited (due to a genetic mutation). Filaggrin forms a protective layer at the surface of the skin that keeps water in and foreign substances out.
Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Isisdoris Rodrigues de Souza, Patrícia Savio de Araujo-Souza, Daniela Morais Leme
The combination of rs10249788 (CT + TT) and rs2066853 (AG + AA) genotypes are associated with severely dry skin in patients with AD (Li et al. 2019). As indicated previously, AhR signaling is also essentially involved in keratinocyte differentiation, epidermal stratification, and skin barrier integrity. In part, it occurs because AhR controls the gene expression of filaggrin (FLG), a structural protein with a critical role in developing and maintaining the skin barrier (Li et al. 2019). Polymorphisms that affect AhR function may result in low FLG expression and impair skin barrier function, consequently elevating TEWL, providing a dry skin phenotype (Li et al. 2019). FLG deficiency is also responsible for higher hapten percutaneous penetration because of its structural function in the skin barrier (Kawasaki et al. 2012; Moniaga et al. 2010). Thus, polymorphisms in AHR have been associated with AD, vitiligo, and skin aging (Gao et al. 2016; Li et al. 2019; Schnass et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2012) (Table 3).