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Dendrimer–Nanomaterial Conjugation: Concept, Chemistry and Applications
Published in Neelesh Kumar Mehra, Keerti Jain, Dendrimers in Nanomedicine, 2021
Sonali Batra, Samridhi Thakral, Amit Singh, Sumit Sharma
Delivering of hormones has always been complicated especially in case of cancer-related malignancies. Amongst these, ovarian cancer is mainly fatal. Although chemotherapy has been one of the traditionally followed treatment methods, surgery being the next, recurrence of the disease is quite prominent (Gilks 2010). Highly effective treatment for ovarian cancer is therefore achieved by targeting the follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), which is assumed to show elevated expression in the disease (Bose 2008). In order to target FSHR, Modi et al. synthesised G 5.0 PAMAM-Ac-FI-FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) by sequentially conjugating with FI and FSH 33 (peptide domain of FSH). This was achieved using a linker, i.e., sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate after which acetylation of one amino group was achieved (Figure 12.4). FSH 33 has the strongest binding affinity for the FSHR. The prepared conjugate system specifically targets the over-expressed FSHR cells, sparing the immature follicles. Cellular uptake studies were performed using OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 cell lines in 2D cell culture, which proved that the dendrimers were highly specific in targeting FSHR cells. In addition, 3D ex-vivo organ culture was performed, which proves that the dendrimer conjugate system acts as the FSHR in ovarian cancer (Modi et al. 2014).
Inhalation of polycarbonate emissions generated during 3D printing processes affects neuroendocrine function in male rats
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Kristine Krajnak, Mariana Farcas, Walter McKinney, Stacey Waugh, Kyle Mandler, Alycia Knepp, Mark Jackson, Diana Richardson, MaryAnne Hammer, Joanna Matheson, Treye Thomas, Yong Qian
Immunohistochemistry was performed using a previously described protocol with slight modifications (Johnson et al. 2016; Krajnak et al. 2013). Briefly, slides were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 5 min, rinsed 3 × 5 min in PBS and incubated in primary antibody diluted in 0.1 M PBS plus 0.3% Triton-x 100 (Tx) and 10% normal serum overnight at 4°C. Immunohistochemistry and histological stains were used on sections of the olfactory bulb to determine levels of glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), Mitotracker orange and myelin basic protein (MB).; In the hypothalamus staining for Mitotracker orange, Fluoro-Jade, TH and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) was performed. Staining for luteinizing hormone receptor (LHr) and follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHr) was performed in the testes. A list of primary antibodies, the manufacturer, and the dilutions used for each antibody is presented in Table 3. The following day the slides were rinsed, and sections incubated with the secondary antibody (either Cy3 or fluorescein labeled antibodies; Jackson Immunolabs) diluted 1:500 in 0.1 M PBS-Tx at RT for 1 hr. Sections were then rinsed, air dried and cover-slipped using Prolong Gold with 4’6-diamindino −2-phenylindole (DAPI, Invitrogen, Waltham, MA).