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Cutting And Wear Applications
Published in Mark A. Prelas, Galina Popovici, Louis K. Bigelow, Handbook of Industrial Diamonds and Diamond Films, 2018
Diamond is used in knives for several applications. Diamond has been used as the cutting edge in microtone blades for producing sections of biological specimens as well as a scalpel in surgical applications [Yoder 1993]. One of the more widely used surgical applications is in eye surgery. Diamond knife edges can be produced which are one to two orders of magnitude sharper than the best steel edges. This enhanced sharpness of the diamond blade results in the advantage of greater control of the cut by the surgeon and faster healing of the incision in the patient.
Decomposed fuzzy cost-benefit analysis and an application on ophthalmologic robot selection
Published in The Engineering Economist, 2023
Ophthalmology is one of the most technology-oriented branches of health, and the most important developments in this field are now more often based on devices rather than drugs. Currently, robots and artificial intelligence have an important place in the digital transformation of ophthalmology. Although the human hand is suitable for sensitive operations, what can be accomplished by hand is limited when it comes to things that require maximum precision, such as eye surgeries. However, due to robotic innovations, such as the Robotic Retinal Dissection Device (commonly known as R2D2), eye surgery has become simpler and more successful (Lanfranco et al., 2004). For example, very small holes are opened in the eye and access to the retina is needed during retinal surgeries. Even a minor issue, such as blood flow in the doctor’s finger during interventions for retinal problems, can impact the depth of the surgical cut and make the eye problem worse rather than correcting it. The R2D2 robot can move ten times more precisely than a human surgeon can, with only 10 microns advancing at each step (Lanfranco et al., 2004). However, acquisition of these robotic innovations typically require very high cost investment and can only be fully evaluated through a comprehensive investment analysis approach such as the decomposed fuzzy cost-benefit analysis contributed in this article.
Enhanced hyaluronic acid production in Streptococcus zooepidemicus by an optimized culture medium containing hyaluronidase inhibitor
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Mohaddeseh Samadi, Mahvash Khodabandeh Shahraky, Fatemeh Tabandeh, Saeed Aminzadeh, Morshedi Dina
Hyaluronic acid (HA), also called hyaluronan or hyaluronate, is a natural polyanionic polysaccharide consisted of repeating disaccharide units of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine which linked by β(1-3) and β(1-4) glycosidic bond.[1,2] HA is present in various body tissues and fluids, with higher concentrations in soft connective tissues. The unique viscoelastic nature of HA along with its biocompatibility and non-immunogenicity has resulted in a wide range of applications.[3,4] HA is used in various industries such as cosmetics,[3,5] eye surgery, and rheumatoid arthritis treatment.[6] These extensive applications, lead the researches through a higher yield of HA production. In recent years, the microbial approach has been the preferred method for HA production because of the existing difficulties of HA extraction from the animal sources such as the risk of cross-species viral infection, associated proteoglycans complex, and costly downstream processes.[7,8] Streptococci are mainly used for HA production because these bacteria naturally synthesize HA as a protective capsule that surrounds them.[9,10] The first commercially fermented HA was produced from S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus, which remains the current common strain in the industrial production of HA.[11–13]
A numerical investigation on dynamics of ferrofluid droplet in nonuniform magnetic field
Published in Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 2019
Kong Ling, Kai-Kai Guo, Shuai Zhang, Wen-Quan Tao
When exposed to external magnetic field, ferrofluid takes on many interfacial phenomenon due to the effect of Maxwell stress. The most famous ones among them are Rosensweig instability [2] where the interface deforms into convexes and concaves arranged in a regular manner, and labyrinthine instability [3] where the ferrofluid deforms into highly branched structures. The unique properties of ferrofluid lead to a wide range of applications, such as micro pump [4–6], fluid seal [7, 8], energy harvester [9], drug delivery [10], and eye surgery [11]. Most of the applications of ferrofluid are achieved by non-contact control of droplet through variations of external magnetic field. However, the flow behavior and mechanism of ferrofluid droplets have not been fully understood.