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Nanoparticle-Mediated Small RNA Deliveries for Molecular Therapies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Ramasamy Paulmurugan, Uday Kumar Sukumar, Tarik F. Massoud
In addition to the above mentioned drugs, several other drugs such as tamoxifen (TMX) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT)-loaded nanoparticles have been also used effectively to treat ER positive breast cancers [68]. Owing to relatively poor oral bioavailability and several side effects of these drugs, polymer nanoparticles have gained much interest for tamoxifen delivery [69–72]. Gemcitabine, mitomycin C, epirubicin, and curcumin are other frequently used antineoplastic agents that have been loaded in polymer-based nanoparticles for anticancer therapy and have been tested them in many cancers in vitro and in vivo [73–85]. Overall, these anticancer agents achieve a wide range of beneficial effects when loaded in nanoparticles compared to free drugs, which include: (i) reduction in toxicity, (ii) change in bioavailability, (iii) enhanced specificity, (iv) change in solubility, and (v) improved therapeutic effects. The use of biodegradable polymers has an added advantage to improve the efficiency of these drugs further for their utilizations in the clinic because of their non-toxic biocompatible nature.
Integrated Omics Technology for Basic and Clinical Research
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Kuldeep Giri, Vinod Singh Bisht, Sudipa Maity, Kiran Ambatipudi
In 1970, US FDA approved tamoxifen as a first target-based anticancer therapy for estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer patients, acting as estrogens’ antagonist for ERs. Target-based anticancer drugs such as denosumab for bone metastasis, lapatinib for breast cancer, pazopanib and sorafenib tosylate for renal cell carcinoma have been approved by US FDA for the precise treatment of cancer (Yan et al., 2011). For the effective management of arthritis, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-based anti-TNF therapy has been used to treat severe complications of the disease. Furthermore, infliximab has been used to treat the autoimmune disorder and was the first chimeric monoclonal antibody has been approved by US FDA as an inhibitor for TNFα to treat arthritis (Perdriger 2009). Similarly, etanercept and cardiac troponin T is another drug, approved by the US FDA, as a TNFα inhibitor for the arthritis therapeutics (Azevedo et al., 2015) and as a safety marker for cardiotoxicity and acute myocardial infarction (McRae et al., 2019). Protein-based markers are useful for the evaluation of drug-induced toxicity. For instance, renal papillary antigen 1 is a US FDA approved protein marker to screen out drug-induced nephrotoxicity (Rouse et al., 2011). Thus taken together protein-based markers have revolutionized the applied biomedical science by improving the accuracy of disease profiling and identifying markers for drug-induced toxicological screening and precise target-based inhibitors.
Halogenated Hydrocarbons: Persistence, Toxicity, and Problems
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
Studies relating DDT and DDE exposure to adverse health effects in humans are difficult. Essentially universal background exposure means there is no “control group.” Retrospective epidemiological studies are sometimes contradictory and are often limited by lack of precise knowledge of the time and extent of exposure. There have been several studies suggesting an association of fetal death with high levels of chlorinated pesticides, but in all cases the level of evidence is considered “limited.”18 The US EPA and IARC have classified PCBs as probable human carcinogens. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that both DDT and DDE are bound at estrogen receptors. They are thus classified as endocrine disruptors. The development of sexual characteristics is under the control of estrogen receptors that regulate transcription of genes. It is noteworthy that not all species determine sex at fertilization, as is the case with mammals and birds. Many species of fish and amphibians can undergo sex conversion under the influence of hormonal agents. Several cases of extreme exposure to chlorinated pesticides as a result of accidental spills have led to reproductive abnormalities in fish and amphibians. Figure 4.2 summarizes the possible mechanism of action.
Molecular Docking , ADMET and Pharmacokinetic properties predictions of some di-aryl Pyridinamine derivatives as Estrogen Receptor (Er+) Kinase Inhibitors
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Sagiru Hamza Abdullahi, Adamu Uzairu, Gideon Adamu Shallangwa, Sani Uba, Abdullahi Bello Umar
Cancer is one of the most problematic and crucial health maladies that affect the globe. The undisputed concern about cancer and mortality rate is significantly expanding [1]. Recently, the targeted treatment of cancers such as breast cancer has been authorized. These inhibitive remedies neutralize cancer cells’ expansion by altering the specific molecules responsible for tumor growth and advancements, and as such, they curtail the damaging impacts of other nonselective chemotherapies and withstand the resistance reproduced by the prevailing anticancer medications [2]. Cancer remediation comprises numerous procedures that include prevention of angiogenesis that has been established to be a desirable scenario for inhibiting the progression of the tumor [3]. Breast cancer is one of the extensively identified cancers and the dominating reason for women’s cancer death globally according to GLOBOCAN 2012 [1]. One of the substantial superfamilies of nuclear receptors called estrogen receptor-α (ERα) is responsible for at least 70% of breast malignancy cases, and these categories of victims are classified as ER-positive (ER+) [4]. The continual activation of ERα by estrogens influences the multiplication of tumor cells, and hence, the blocking up of ER signaling by competitively binding to ER with anti-estrogens or estrogen deprivation is an important therapeutic method [5].
Focal therapy for localized cancer: a patent review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Jette Bloemberg, Luigi Van Riel, Dimitra Dodou, Paul Breedveld
Neisz et al. [107] describe a probe for administering an antiandrogen that suppresses the androgen production by the testes (Figure 3(k)), for example, bicalutamide [174]. For androgen-dependent prostate cancer, androgen (typically testosterone) is required for the development of the tumor [175]. The transurethral probe contains a needle designed to be deployed against the prostate urethra. The probe includes a scope sheath with an eye-port for intra-procedural visual guidance. A similar design was presented by Barnett et al. [106] that can deliver various types of agents to block the production of essential elements for the cancer cells. Some possible agents are bicalutamide for prostate cancer cells and tamoxifen for breast cancer cells [176]. Tamoxifen inhibits estrogen binding to estrogen receptors, a binding required for tumor growth of the breast cancer cells [176].
Impact of occupational cadmium exposure on bone in sewage workers
Published in International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2018
Mona M Taha, Heba Mahdy-Abdallah, Eman M Shahy, Khadiga S Ibrahim, Safaa Elserougy
Accumulating evidence suggested that estrogen seems to play a major role in male bone metabolism [16]. Estrogen effect was mediated by estrogen receptor (estrogen receptor alpha [ER-α]), which represents a member of steroid hormone receptor family. It functions as an important part of the hormone–receptor complex that promotes specific target genes expression [17]. Genetic alterations in multiple genes can account for this genetic component and ER-α gene represents one of the various potential candidates. Kim et al. [17] recorded that ER-α gene polymorphism is associated with osteoporosis development in Korean vegetarian men. Polymorphism of the ER-α gene found on intron 1 may affect gene expression and/or interindividual susceptibility in the estrogen hormone through its regulatory action in mRNA transcription. Other possibility was due to that this polymorphism might be associated with unidentified polymorphisms that is responsible for the quality or function of the protein encoded by the ER-α gene [18].