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paniculata (C.B. Clarke) Munir Leaves on Various Gastric Aggressive Factors
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
P. S. Sreeja, K. Arunachalam, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj
Gastric acid secretion is a complex, continuous process in which multiple, central, and peripheral factors contribute to a common end point: the secretion of H+ by parietal cells. Neuronal (acetylcholine, ACh), paracrine (histamine), and endocrine (gastrin) factors/physiological agonists, all regulate the acid secretion. Their specific receptors (muscarinic, H2, and cholecystokinin receptor 2, respectively) are on the basolateral membrane of parietal cells in the stomach and also on enterochromaffin-like cells (ECLs; cells seen close to parietal cells and are the source of histamine in the stomach). The receptors seen on ECLs have a role in regulating the release of histamine. The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagal nerve, the hypothalamus, and the solitary tract nucleus are the important structures for the central nervous system stimulation of the gastric acid secretion. Efferent fibers originating in the dorsal motor nuclei descend to the stomach via the vagus nerve and synapse with the ganglion cells of the enteric nervous system (Wallace and Sharkey 2011; Yandrapu and Sarosiek 2015).
Targeted Intestinal Delivery of Probiotics
Published in Emmanuel Opara, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, 2020
Kevin Enck, Emmanuel Opara, Alec Jost
There is a complex grouping of neurons known as the enteric nervous system (ENS) located in the intestines, and there is direct communication between it and the central nervous system (CNS).19 This communication influences brain activity, behavior, as well as neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors.3,53–57 Neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s (PD) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) are now beginning to be linked to the overall gut health, and researchers are studying how dysbiosis plays a role in their pathogenesis. Both PD and AD are affected by oxidative damage and neurodegeneration that is caused by chronic inflammation.58 While the pathways are still not fully understood, researchers of PD believe ENS neurodegeneration is tied to the synucelinopathy that defines the disease.3 Gut microbiota directly influences the activity of enteric neurons, which could possibly affect cellular α-synuclein deposition in the brain and gut. Some of the microbiome changes involved in the dysbiosis are an increased presence of Enterobacteriaceae and H. pylori, which are proinflammatory, and a decrease in Prevotellacae and Faecalibacterium which are known anti-inflammatory microbes.22 Almost all (80%) of the patients with PD suffer from constipation, which is associated with α-synuclein accumulation in the gut, and recently a clinical study found that regular intake of fermented milk containing L. casei improved constipation and bowel movements in patients with PD.59
Synapses
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
It should be noted that an abundance of neurotransmitters is found in the enteric nervous system (ENS), a massive network of over 100 million neurons located in the gastrointestinal tract and which coordinate the contractions in this tract. The ENS accounts for about 95% of the body’s serotonin and about 50% of the body’s dopamine, in addition to a variety of other neurotransmitters, including ACh and substance P. There seems to be an intimate, two-way relationship between the brain and the gut, including the ENS and the gut’s microbiome, that is, the microorganisms that inhabit the gut.
Mechanism of peripheral nerve modulation and recent applications
Published in International Journal of Optomechatronics, 2021
Heejae Shin, Minseok Kang, Sanghoon Lee
The PNS is divided into the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that handles involuntary movements (heart rate, breathing, digestion, etc.) and the somatic nervous system (SNS) that controls voluntary responses (muscle contraction, etc.). The autonomic nervous system is again divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system (and the enteric nervous system). Since the ANS regulates the functions of organs such as the small intestine, the large intestine, and the heart, it is being targeted for the treatment of various diseases by implanting bioelectronics into the relevant nerves (e.g., vagus nerve[2–4]). The SNS is classified into the sensory nervous system responsible for afferent signals and the motor nervous system responsible for efferent signals. In the case of the somatic nervous system, because it controls muscles for the movements of arms and legs, many researchers are targeting those nerves to improve the function of the bionic limbs,[5–7] as well as for therapeutic purposes such as muscle rehabilitation.[8,9]
The intestinal microbiota in health and disease
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Andrew S. Day, Jacqueline I. Keenan, Gerald W. Tannock
Finally, Heenan et al. (2020) examine the relevance of the intestinal microbiota in the setting of irritable bowel disease (IBS), a common functional disorder leading to significant morbidity in New Zealanders. Perturbations of the intestinal microbiota following an enteric infection, such as Campylobacter pylori, are noted to lead to increased rates of IBS (Svendsen et al. 2019). These observations lead us to further understand the importance of the fine-tuned balance within the community of the intestinal microbiota and also to demonstrate the close relationships between the microbiota, the enteric nervous system and intestinal motility, highlighting the likelihood that these interactions are not isolated to immediate relationships within the gut, but may also involve the gut-brain axis and other body systems.
Recent advances in devices for vagus nerve stimulation
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Ann Mertens, Robrecht Raedt, Stefanie Gadeyne, Evelien Carrette, Paul Boon, Kristl Vonck
Currently several VNS devices for other indications than epilepsy and depression are being developed by a rapidly increasing number of companies. Results on efficacy and safety of the first human trials seem promising, possibly leading to the FDA-approval and wide-spread use of these devices in the coming years. As the mechanism of action is being further investigated, novel indications for VNS will likely become available. In particular the anti-inflammatory effects of VNS seem promising. An implantable device is currently being developed for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, but indications for this device will probably expand to other auto-immune and inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease [80]. Research has shown that the vagus nerve is also involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease, with transmission of Parkinson disease pathology from the enteric nervous system via the vagus nerve to the central nervous system, called ‘the gut-brain axis’ [81]. As VNS modulates this pathway, the possibility of VNS as a treatment for Parkinson disease has gained interest and will be further elucidated in the coming years.