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Crop Improvement and Applied Nanobiotechnology
Published in Cherry Bhargava, Amit Sachdeva, Nanotechnology, 2020
Secondary metabolites in plants are the organic substances that are not directly involved in normal plant growth and development, but they play vital roles in various signaling cascades like the defense mechanism against microorganisms, etc. Secondary plant products are considered for their vital role in the survival of the plant in its ecosystem, to maintain circadian cycle, protection against plant pathogens, mechanical injury, and other types of biotic and abiotic stress, thereby leading to an increase in plant tolerance level. Experimental evidence has also shown the enhancement of secondary metabolites through treatment using nanoparticles under in vivo and in vitro conditions (Mishra et al., 2016). Various strategies have been reported about nanoparticles to improve the yield of secondary metabolites in plants under in vitro conditions. Their implementation under such in vivo conditions is still in progress (Nair et al., 2010; Krishnaraj et al., 2012). Nanoparticles possess the potential to be used as novel effective elicitors in plant biotechnology for the elicitation of secondary metabolite production (Fakruddin et al., 2012). “Elicitors” can be defined as chemicals or bioagent from various sources which initiate or progress the biosynthesis of specific compounds responsible for physiological and morphological changes in the target living organism, when provided in very low concentrations to a living cell system. Studies have noted the role of nanoparticles as elicitors (Nayak et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2013; Ghasemi et al., 2015; Yarizade and Ramin, 2015) for enhancing the expression level of genes related to the production of secondary metabolite (Ghasemi et al., 2015). Nanoparticles have successfully offered a new strategy in enhancing the secondary metabolite production. The response and dose of NPs are species-specific. Hence, the selection of an appropriate concentration of nanoparticle is essential for recognizing higher benefits for a target agro-economic trait.
Improved accumulation of betulin and betulinic acid in cell suspension culture of Betula pendula roth by abiotic and biotic elicitors
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Razieh Jafari Hajati, Vahide Payamnoor, Najmeh Ahmadian Chashmi, Kamal Ghasemi Bezdi
According to the results of the present study, B and BA accumulations in B. pendula cells were dependent on exposure time and type of the elicitors. It is noteworthy that the maximum BA level (6.5 mg g−1 DW) in the cells affected by 200 mg L−1 chitosan was higher than other elicitors. Kumar et al. suggested 100 mg L−1 chitosan as a biotic elicitor for a high production of BA in L. camara cell suspension culture.[5] Although previous efforts showed an increase in BA concentration,[35] comparatively the present research showed the lowest content of BA. Pandey et al. reported obtaining the highest level of BA (5.1% DW) in O. basilicum calli using 200 µm MeJA 48 hr after treatment.[3] In comparison, in the present study, the content of BA under elicitation of 200 µm MeJA, 48 hr after treatment, was 1.7 mg g−1 DW and the highest level of BA (3 mg g−1 DW) was obtained in a concentration of 100 µm MeJA in the same time. Martinez et al., in cell culture of Jatropha curcas, showed that using 200 µm JA results in an increase in content of B (0.81 mg g−1 DW; 7.2 times of control) after 2 days of treatment, and the content of BA increases by 0.83 mg g−1 DW after 6 days.[6]
Effect of biotic and abiotic elicitors on production of betulin and betulinic acid in the hairy root culture of Betula pendula Roth
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019
Razieh Jafari Hajati, Vahide Payamnoor, Najmeh Ahmadian Chashmi
Investigating and increasing the production of triterpenoids, including BA was reported by elicitors in the cell culture of other plants except for birch.[10–13] Yin et al. showed that the number of triterpenoids increased 45 and 46% by spraying a concentration of salicylic acid (SA) 5 mM and Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) 1 mM on Betula platyphylla seedlings, respectively.[14] Zhang et al. concluded that in the culture of B. platyphylla cell suspensions, the LUS gene was responsible for the synthesis of lupeol which synthesized B.[15] Fan et al. increased the levels of triterpenoids in B. platyphylla cell culture using chitosan (CTS) elicitor.[16] Zhai et al. and also Fan et al. studied the effect of fungal elicitor on the accumulation of triterpenoids in cell suspension culture of B. platyphylla.[17,18] Jafari Hajati investigated callogenesis and cell suspension culture of B. pendula and increased the content of B and BA by using biotic and abiotic elicitor.[19,20] Kim et al. showed that the content of triterpenoids produced in the hairy roots is higher than in the roots of plants in nature.[21] There are various reports of the hairy root culture of different plants to produce triterpenoids.[22,23] Marzouk extracted six types of triterpenoids from the hairy roots of Ocimum basilicum in which BA was one of these compounds.[22] However, nothing was reported on the hairy roots culture of birch species to produce triterpenoids or B and BA and the possibility of increasing these triterpenoids using biotic and abiotic elicitors. In the previous study, we showed that the optimization condition for hairy root induction of B. pendula was WPM (Woody Plant Medium) medium using Agrobacterium C58C1 with the needle method in the stem’s inner bark.[24] The study aimed to increase the level of these two triterpenoids in the hairy root culture of B. pendula under different elicitors. Finally, an optimal solution is presented for producing the maximum B and BA.