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Designing for Lower Torso and Leg Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
In developed countries, cancer treatment-related lymphedema occurs in the lower torso, genitals, and legs much as it does in the arm after breast cancer treatment (Section 4.12.4). It is treated similarly to arm lymphedema (Douglass, Graves, & Gordon, 2016). However, the most common cause of lymphedema in the legs and genitals is the tropical mosquito-borne parasitic infection, filariasis. Parasites collecting in lymph nodes and lymph channels result in inflammation. In 2012, 120 million people were infected with filariasis and 40 million people had significant lymphedema effects (Brady, 2014). The presence of lymphedema fluid increases the risk of secondary local infections compounding the problem by increasing inflammation and swelling. Elephantiasis, severe filarial lymphedema, can distend the genitals and legs to many times the normal size. Compressive multi-layer bandaging, commonly used in the legs, can also be used to reduce lymphedema of the penis and scrotum (Zuther & Norton, 2013, pp. 286–289). Compression garments for both men and women can be designed to provide genital, lower torso, and leg compression (Zuther & Norton, 2013, pp. 290–291).
Health Aspects of Using Reclaimed Water in Engineering Projects
Published in Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, 2020
Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
The mosquitoes Culex pipens complex are the vectors of the nematode worm Bancroftian filariasis (Wuchereria bancroftii), especially in Asia. In other areas the vector for the disease may be Anopheles or Aedes mosquitoes. The mosquitoes breed mostly in highly polluted water such as stagnant open drains, poorly maintained ponds, pit latrines, septic tanks, and soakaway pits.8 Filariasis is an infection that is conveyed by nematode worms which have different forms. The worms survive in the lymphatic ducts of man, and the disease in an infected victim may block the lymphatic vessels. This condition ultimately leads to swelling of the arms, legs, or genitalia, leading to deformity or elephantiasis.
Microbiological, West Nile Virus, and Lyme Disease
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Some species of mosquito can carry the filariasis worm, a parasite that causes a disfiguring condition (often referred to as elephantiasis) characterized by a great swelling of several parts of the body; worldwide, around 10 million people are living with a filariasis disability.
Development of mebendazole loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for lymphatic targeting: Optimization, characterization, in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2021
Saurabh Shrivastava, Bina Gidwani, Chanchal Deep Kaur
Lymphatic filariasis is one of the oldest and debilitating health problems for human beings. According to WHO, 120 million people were affected by filariasis worldwide in the year 2000. Currently, 856 million people in 52 countries are infected. There are 25 million men with hydrocele and over 15 million people with lymphoedema. In India, filariasis was reported in 256 districts across 21 States/Union territories and over 650 million people are currently at the risk of infection (Shrivastava et al. 2016a). It is a parasitic disease with initial clinical manifestations like the presence of high fever with or without rigors. It is associated with swelling and inflammation of the arms and legs, which can provoke elephantiasis and hydrocele which ultimately causes damage and dysfunction of the lymphatic system (Shrivastava and Kaur 2018). Though the disease is not mortal itself but provokes acute and chronic morbidities and has dreadful social influence. The causative parasites responsible for filariasis are Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori (Singh et al. 2016; Rao et al. 2018). As the parasites of filariasis are deeply localized in the lymphatic system, so the lymphatic system can be considered as a potential target to deliver drugs for achieving an optimal therapeutic benefit (Chaudhary et al. 2015). Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) can meet the needs for effective targeting to lymphatics. These carrier systems are made up of physiological, biodegradable and biocompatible lipid materials and surfactants and are accepted by regulatory authorities for application in different drug delivery systems (Singh et al. 2014; Gidwani and Vyas 2016a).