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Designing for Head and Neck Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
After passing through the external acoustic meatus, the sound energy reaches the tympanic membrane. This first acoustic structure is sometimes called the ear drum because it literally vibrates like the stretched head of a drum. When sound energy vibrates the tympanic membrane, it is converted to mechanical energy. As the mechanical energy enters the middle ear it encounters an amazingly complex arrangement of tiny bones—malleus, incus, stapes—which move to amplify and conduct the mechanical energy further into the ear. These bones are often descriptively called the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. Note these shapes in Figure 3.9. Ear infections most commonly occur in the middle ear and may cause both pain and problems with hearing. In the inner ear the mechanical energy is converted to electrical impulses by sensory cells and then travels to the brain for interpretation into meaningful sounds. Wearable products for the auditory system can be protective, sound enhancing, or pressure equalizing.
Artificial Intelligence in Disease Diagnosis via Smartphone Applications
Published in P. Kaliraj, T. Devi, Artificial Intelligence Theory, Models, and Applications, 2021
Acute otitis media is a painful type of ear infection that is caused by bacteria or virus pathogens. The pathogens cause inflammation and infection in the area behind the eardrum called the middle ear. An improved technology called smart “diary app” was developed to find a case study of acute otitis media. Usually, the common infectious diseases cannot detect by the healthcare services and won’t attract the attention much like other chronic diseases. But this technology can accurately estimate the disease burden caused by these pathogens. Simultaneously this “diary apps” could also be used in the evaluation of vaccine technologies to detect both the diseases caused and side effects of vaccine used (Annemarijn et al. 2017).
Visual Inspection of Tissues with Certain Endoscopes and Other Optical Devices
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Non-Invasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis, 2017
An otoscope can be used to locate impacted cerumen (earwax) in the ear canal, as well as foreign objects (insects, Q-tip heads, beans, etc.). The otoscope is also useful in diagnosing middle ear infection through eardrum color. Convexity can mean fluid pressure in the middle ear, and of course tears and perforations can signify trauma and/or infection. The coaxial design of the Hotchkiss otoscope is particularly well suited for observation of ear canal procedures as they are done (e.g., removing cerumen or foreign objects).
Novel transparent collagen film patch derived from duck’s feet for tympanic membrane perforation
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Soo Hyeon Kim, Ho Jun Lee, Ji-Chul Yoo, Hyun Jung Park, Ju Yeon Jeong, Ye Been Seo, Md. Tipu Sultan, Soon Hee Kim, Ok Joo Lee, Chan Hum Park
There are many circumstances that can induce acute traumatic tympanic membrane (TM) perforations these days; physical trauma or barotrauma induced by sports activity, airplane, underwater activity and so on. Accordingly, acute traumatic TM perforation is common clinical situation. If it is not properly healed, it could cause a conductive hearing loss or a middle ear infection. There have been many articles regarding treatment of acute traumatic TM perforation. Conservative management inducing spontaneous healing resulted in high rates of complete healing in many situations [1–3]. But in relatively severe specific situations like followings; large perforations, multi-directional lacerations and so forth, the clinicians should pay more attention and better execute patching procedure to facilitate the healing process and increase the healing rate. Paper patch has been used widely for TM patching procedure. This material has several merits and demerits. It is cheap, easy to obtain and easy to make. But this material itself is not adhesive, so it is sometimes detached from the perforated TM and displaced. Paper is not a biocompatible, so there is possibility of foreign body reaction or inflammation during healing process. Paper is not a biodegradable material, so it has to be removed after healing process is completed. Removal of paper patch from external auditory canal is generally not difficult, but in children or poorly cooperative patients, it is not easy.