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The Developmental Toxicity of Metals and Metalloids in Fish
Published in Michael C. Newman, Alan W. McIntosh, Metal Ecotoxicology, 2020
There are, however, toxicants that exert their effects particularly on developing systems, and regulatory agencies are concerned about pollutants that might cause birth defects. The EPA has issued guidelines for risk assessment for suspected developmental toxicants.4 The term “developmental toxicity” is somewhat broader than “teratology,” encompassing embryotoxicity, altered growth, and functional deficiency in the offspring (which may not be apparent until after birth), in addition to structural abnormalities. The use of fish embryos for screening potential developmental toxicants has been recommended5 because of several unique advantages: the transparent chorions allow continuous monitoring, large numbers of specimens can be processed at minimal cost, the developmental time of some species is only a few days, and the use of “lower” vertebrates is less unpalatable to the animal welfare movement. On the other hand, the absence of a placenta makes correlations to human fetal health more remote.
Toxicology of CERCLA Hazardous Substances
Published in Barry L. Johnson, Impact of Hazardous Waste on Human Health, 2020
Following birth, infants continue their growth and development toward becoming adults. Impaired or delayed development of infants and young children is the subject of developmental toxicity. For example, exposure of the fetus by maternal consumption of fish containing PCBs has been associated with decreased intelligence and delays in certain cognitive processes in infants (e.g., Jacobson and Jacobson, 1996). Similarly, fetal exposure in utero to lead from maternal lead exposure will cause effects on infants’ development. The effects include reduced intelligence, delayed development of memory and other cognitive processes, and problems in social adjustment (e.g., Needleman, 1994; Needleman etal., 1996).
Effects of Carbon Monoxide Exposure on Developing Animals and Humans
Published in David G. Penney, Carbon Monoxide, 2019
Developmental toxicity may be defined as involving the death of the developing organism, structural anomalies, altered growth, and functional deficiencies resulting from exposure to a toxic substance that occurs while the organism is undergoing rapid development. Immature organisms may be especially vulnerable because a toxic exposure insufficient to produce maternal/adult toxicity may adversely affect the fetus or neonate. Toxic responses to early exposure may occur early in life, later in life, or may reappear under conditions of stress or ill health.
Windows of sensitivity to toxic chemicals in the development of reproductive effects: an analysis of ATSDR’s toxicological profile database
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
Melanie C Buser, Henry G Abadin, John L Irwin, Hana R Pohl
Previously, we have investigated the windows of sensitivity in the development of cleft palates (Buser and Pohl 2015) and of motor function (Ingber and Pohl 2016) using the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry’s (ATSDR’s) toxicological profiles. ATSDR publishes toxicological profiles for hazardous substances that examine, summarize, and interpret available toxicological studies in order to ascertain levels of exposure for humans that may be associated with health effects (https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp). These profiles include only the highest quality, peer-reviewed toxicology studies, and the goal is to provide the necessary and sufficient evidence to support a conclusion on a health effect. Profiles are reviewed on a regular basis to make sure that the conclusions drawn remain current and relevant. One specific health effect category that is evaluated in the profiles is developmental toxicity, which focuses on developmental health effects on the offspring following exposures to parental germ cells, the conceptus through the pre-implantation blastocyst stage, and all subsequent developmental stages up through sexual maturity in animals.