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The Prospect of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Nanocrystalline Cellulose Composites from Agricultural Residues in Biomedical/Pharmaceutical
Published in Ahalapitiya H. Jayatissa, Applications of Nanocomposites, 2022
Nurul Huda Abd Kadir, Tan Ching Mig, Aima Ramli, Marshahida Mat Yashim, Masita Mohammad
Researchers conducted several studies on the cytotoxicity of NCC during the past few years. Cytotoxicity refers to the detrimental effects of a substance on a cell’s viability, and it is measured based on cell damage based on cell morphology. Cytotoxicity of any substance could also be evaluated by measuring specific metabolic activities. The hydroxyl groups in the cellulosic surface of MCC and NCC becomes partially esterified during acid hydrolysis and imparted some acidic properties to the fibers. On heating the sulfate group attached on the NCC’s surface, known to cause desulfation and the release of sulfuric acid from the CNC surface, which might cause cytotoxicity to the cell. However, a few studies have shown only minimal impact as cytotoxicity study was done using NCC from agricultural waste isolated using sulfuric acid hydrolysis.
Nanotoxicology
Published in Pradipta Ranjan Rauta, Yugal Kishore Mohanta, Debasis Nayak, Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine, 2019
Pavani Gonnabathula, Nageswararao Mekala, Praveen Kumar Relangi
In vitro assays define the characteristics of the nanoparticles based on their influence on mechanistic pathways. Assessment methods include cytotoxicity assays to identify the toxic impacts on the cell like lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and protein assay, proliferation assays like methyl tetrazolium assay (MTT), apoptosis assays, necrosis assays, oxidative stress assays, etc.
Toxicological effects of the mixed iron oxide nanoparticle (Fe3O4 NP) on murine fibroblasts LA-9
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Karina Alves Feitosa, Ricardo de Oliveira Correia, Ana Carolina Maragno Fattori, Yulli Roxenne Albuquerque, Patricia Brassolatti, Genoveva Flores Luna, Joice Margareth de Almeida Rodolpho, Camila T. Nogueira, Juliana Cancino Bernardi, Carlos Speglich, Fernanda de Freitas Anibal
Iron oxide nanoparticles produce important toxicology effects including decreased cell viability, plasmatic membrane disruption, mitochondrial alterations, cell death, oxidative damage, and cell cycle impairments (Fernández-Bertólez et al. 2019). Batista-Gallep et al. (2018) proposed that the mechanism that triggers oxidative stress initiates an inflammatory response that leads to the toxicity attributed to these NP. In contrast, other investigators showed that there are few cytotoxic effects induced by these NP (Mahdavi et al. 2013; Valdiglesias et al. 2016; Patil et al. 2018; Crețu et al. 2021; Guigou et al. 2021). It should be noted that the cytotoxicity is associated with the type of cell line, exposure duration, concentration-dependent, and NP characteristics as size range and chemical surface (Matahum et al. 2016). Lazaro-Carrillo et al. 2020 found that Fe3O4NP exhibited biocompatibility in macrophages of the RAW 264.7 lineage. However, Hsiao et al. (2008) found that macrophages of the same strain treated with SPIONs accumulated NPs in their membrane, which reduced their phagocytic capacity.
Insights into the mechanisms of arsenic-selenium interactions and the associated toxicity in plants, animals, and humans: A critical review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Waqar Ali, Hua Zhang, Muhammad Junaid, Kang Mao, Nan Xu, Chuanyu Chang, Atta Rasool, Muhammad Wajahat Aslam, Jamshed Ali, Zhugen Yang
Abnormalities within the cell are caused by toxic contaminants and is known as cytotoxicity. Several studies have reported that As and Se both induce ROS that can cause cytotoxicity within cells by different pathways (Park et al., 2012; Selvaraj, Tomblin, Armistead, & Murray, 2013). Cells exposed to high doses of As and Se exhibited elevated levels of ROS. When As is produced, ROS induce NADPH oxidase, and Se is produced when Se2− reacts with thiols (Chou et al., 2004). Reactive oxygen species not only destroy protein and lipid functions but also activate mitochondrial damage by inducing oxidative stress on mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathways (Fleury, Mignotte, & Vayssière, 2002; Kim et al., 2007; Kim, Jeong, Yun, & Kim, 2002). Furthermore, ROS produces cytotoxicity via activation of the protein JNK, which is one of the relevant subgroups of the mitogen-activated protein kinases that mediates critical cellular functions such as cell apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation (Shen & Liu, 2006), and also stimulates JNK tumor necrosis factor (Ventura, Cogswell, Flavell, Baldwin, & Davis, 2004).
Spectrophotometric and physicochemical studies on the interaction of a new platinum(IV) complex containing the drug pregabalin with calf thymus DNA
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2020
Nahid Shahabadi, Sara Amiri, Hossein Zhaleh
Cell cytotoxicity was quantified by measuring the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from damaged or destroyed cells into the media. Cytotoxicity was measured with LDH Cytoxicity Detection Kit (Roche, Germany). This kit detects LDH release from dead cells. Therefore, increase of LDH activity in each treatment shows that the treatment solution has further dead cells or cytotoxicity effects on cells. Cells were plated in 24-well culture plates with 104 cells/mL densities for 12 h. Then, cells were cultured by differentiation medium for 24 h. The percentage of cytotoxicity was measured by protocol of company; colorimetry of LDH activity was measured by calculating the absorbance of samples at 490 or 492 nm using an ELISA Reader (EL800; USA). The references wavelength should be more than 600 nm. All experiments were replicated independently at least three times. Each condition was repeated four times in each experiment.