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Biofuel and Biochemical Production by Photosynthetic Organisms
Published in Kazuyuki Shimizu, Metabolic Regulation and Metabolic Engineering for Biofuel and Biochemical Production, 2017
For survival under nitrogen starvation, cyanobacteria accumulate reserve materials in the form of inclusions and granules, where the induction for such accumulation is made upon high light or CO2, nutrient starvation, as well as addition of arginine or chloramphenicol (Allen 1984). Cyanophycin (multi-L-arginyl-poly-[L-aspartic acid]) is a nitrogen reserve, and is a nonribosomally synthesized peptide consisting of equi-molar quantities of alginine (Alg) and aspatic acid (Asp), where cyanobacteria may consume internal storage compounds such as cyanophycin as nitrogen source upon nitrogen starvation (Allen 1984, Li et al. 2001).
Exploration of Extremophiles for Value-Added Products
Published in Pratibha Dheeran, Sachin Kumar, Extremophiles, 2022
Surojit Bera, Trinetra Mukherjee, Subhabrata Das, Sandip Mondal, Suprabhat Mukherjee, Sagnik Chakraborty
Some of the important EPS producing thermophiles are Alteromonas infernos, Anoxybacillus amylolyticus, Thermotoga maritime, Bacillus thermoantarcticus, Alteromonas sp. Methanococcus jannaschii, Thermococcus sp. and Streptococcus thermophilus. Geobacillus tepidamans produces high molecular weight galacto-glucans which are highly thermostable. The EPS produced by Geobacillus thermodenitrificans has high antiviral and immunomodulatory activity. The EPS produced by Bacillus licheniformis are tetrasaccharide repeating units with mannosides, while that produced by B. thermoantarcticus are repeating units of mannose and glucose. Geobacillus produces several types of EPS, some of which are polymers of glucose, galactose and mannose, and some are polymers of galactose, mannose, glucosamine and arabinose or mannose, glucose, galactose and mannosamine (Kazak et al. 2010, Nicolaus et al. 2010). Most of the monosaccharides are linked by a-1,2 and a- 1,6 linkages or 1,4-0, 1,3-0 linkages to form polysachharides. The secondary structures consist of mainly helices and random coils. Most of the thermophilic EPS have a high molecular weight of several hundred kilodalton (Kambourova et al. 2016). Cyanophycin and related polyamides are produced by the thermophilic cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. (Hai et al. 2002). Biopolyesters of polyhydroxybutyrate are accumulated by the thermophilic strain Geobacillis sp. strain AY 946034 (Giedraityté and Kalédiené 2015). Some of the psychrophiles producing EPS are Pseudoalteromonas sp. Colwellia psychrerythraea, Olleya marilimosa (Kazak et al. 2010, Nicolaus et al. 2010). Pseudoalteromonas sp. produces neutral sugars and uronic acids with sulphates. The psychrophilic yeast Cryptococcus laurentii produces exopolysachharides containing arabinose, mannose, glucose, galactose and rhamnose (Pavlova et al. 2011).
Algae: Role in Environment Safety
Published in Ali Pourhashemi, Sankar Chandra Deka, A. K. Haghi, Research Methods and Applications in Chemical and Biological Engineering, 2019
Rajeev Singh, Hema Joshi, Anamika Singh
Colloids such as alginates, carrageenan, or agars, were used since long. These polymers are either located in the cell walls or within the cell serving as a storage material. Marine algae mostly contain sulfated polysaccharides in their cell walls. Other polymers like cyanophycin, multi-L-arginyl-poly-L-aspartic acid are also produced by cyanobacteria. Hydrocolloids: They are group of phycocolloid polymers. They include the alginates, carrageenans and agar. They together constitute the major industrial products derived from algae. Macro-algae are the raw materials for the hydrocolloids production however certain land plants can also produce polymers with similar properties. They are used in food and industrial products to thicken, emulsify, and stabilize. Hydrocolloids dissolve in warm water get liquefy and after cooling it forms gel, which is used for various applications.Ulvan: It is a group of polymers that can be extracted from the cell walls of green seaweeds of family ulvales. Ulvan are composed of repeating sequences of rhamnose, glucusonic acid, iduronic acid, xylose, and sulfate.Colorants: Carotenoids are produced by microalgae approximately 40 carotene and xanthophylls were isolated and characterized. Beta-carotene is found in almost all algal spp as well as in other plants. Other carotenoid is canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, and lycopene. Phycobilins or phycobiliproteins are used as fluorescent markers in cell and molecular biology. They are water soluble accessory pigments. Phycobilins are also used as colorants for food and cosmetic products. Blue phycobilin obtained from Arthrospira is widely used as cosmetics color.
Cyanophycin production from feather hydrolysate using biotechnological methods
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Müslüm Altun, Lars Wiefel, Alexander Steinbüchel
Cyanophycin (multi-L-arginyl-poly-L-aspartic acid) biopolymer is a bacterial, nonribosomally synthesized polyamid that consists of equimolar amounts of aspartate and arginine, forming a poly-L-aspartic acid backbone with each carboxyl group linked to an arginine residue.[1] This biopolymer serves as nitrogen and energy storing compound and was identified as a constituent of granular inclusions in most species of cyanobacteria and was therefore referred to as cyanophycin granule polypeptide (CGP). The polymerization reaction of CGP is catalyzed by the enzyme cyanophycin synthetase (CphA). The molecular weight of this synthesized polydisperse copolymer varies between about 25 to 100 kDa. The polymer is insoluble at physiological pH but soluble under acidic or alkaline conditions which make its purification easy and low-cost[2]. But also from recombinant microorganisms, at physiological pH water-soluble polymer can be isolated by expressing different cphA genes from cyanobacteria. Soluble CGP differs from the insoluble form with regard to amino acid composition and molecular mass distribution, which are dependent on the origin of CphA. In soluble CGP, 16 to 25 mol% of arginine side chain are replaced by ornithine, citrulline, or lysine, and the molecular masses range from 12 to 66 kDa[3,4].