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Genetic Engineering and Fabrication of Microbial Cell System for Biohydrogen Production
Published in Sonil Nanda, Prakash K. Sarangi, Biohydrogen, 2022
Sushma Chauhan, Balasubramanian Velramar, Rakesh Kumar Soni, Mohit Mishra, Vargobi Mukherjee, Tanushree Baldeo Madavi, Sudheer D.V.N. Pamidimarri
The encouraging results in hydrogen production from cyanobacteria, a new model organism has come into light, i.e., Cyanothaceace ATCC 51142—a strain with high efficiency of H2 production via photosynthetic photolysis of water (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2010). It is presently considered as a model system for the research in the H2 production, and many genetic tools were developed to understand and to further enhance the H2 production. This work has paved the way for developing cyanobacterial synthetic biology and biosystem engineering. In this regard, many vectors, promoters, ribosomal binding sites, terminators, transcriptional, and translational controlling units were come into the picture and assisted in the understanding of the cyanobacterial cell and developing them as cell factories for fuel and fine chemicals for various applications (Khan et al., 2019). Two major areas have been focused in the case of cyanobacteria for the enhancement of H2 production such as: Metabolic engineering of target strains for diverting the metabolic flux towards enhancing H2 productionEngineering enzyme complexes like hydrogenases and nitrogenases to enhance the hydrogen production.
Introduction to cyanobacteria
Published in Ingrid Chorus, Martin Welker, Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water, 2021
Leticia Vidal, Andreas Ballot, Sandra M. F. O. Azevedo, Judit Padisák, Martin Welker
As prokaryotes, cyanobacteria lack a cell nucleus and other cell organelles, allowing their microscopic distinction from most other microalgae. In particular, cyanobacteria lack chloroplasts, and instead, the chlorophyll for the photosynthesis is contained in simple thylakoids, the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis (exception: Gloeobacter spp. not possessing thylakoids). Cyanobacteria occur as unicellular, colonial or multicellular filamentous forms. Diverse forms populate all possible environments where light and at least some water and nutrients are available – even if only in very low quantities. Examples for extreme environments in which cyanobacteria can be encountered are caves or deserts (Whitton & Potts, 2000). This volume primarily considers cyanobacteria in the aquatic environments where they may grow suspended in water (i.e., as “plankton”), attached to hard surfaces (“benthos” or “benthic”, respectively), or to macrophytes or any other submerged surfaces (“periphytic” or “metaphytic”).
Microalgae I: Origin, Distribution and Morphology
Published in Arun Kumar, Jay Shankar Singh, Microalgae in Waste Water Remediation, 2021
Based on fossil records, it was established that the first cyanobacteria originated about 2.7–2.6 billion years ago in the Archean era of Precambrian period that created small oxygen ‘oases’ within the anoxygenic environment (Andersen 1996, Buick 2008, Blank and Sanchez-Baracaldo 2010, Shestakova and Karbysheva 2017). Due to these small oxygen oases, global oxygenation of the atmosphere occurred between 2.45 and 2.23 billion years ago, often known as the Great Oxidation Event (GOE). Sergeev et al. (2002) and Zavarzin (2010) suggested that cyanobacteria gradually replaced methane from the anoxygenic environment, leading to the transformation of global geochemical conditions that significantly affected the development of interdependent biogeochemical cycles i.e., carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. Due to the alternation in methane concentration and some lithospheric processes, it induced the cooling of the Earth’s surface and later glaciation activities in the early Proterozoic period. These alternative changes in climatic conditions, further paved the way for the evolution and diversification of cyanobacteria (Garcia-Pichel 1998, Sorokhtin 2005, Kopp et al. 2005).
Sustainable approach for biodiesel production and wastewater treatment by cultivating Pleusrastrum insigne in wastewater
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Michael Van Lal Chhandama, Kumudini Belur Satyan
The two highest TN reduction takes place in sample 1 (76.61%) and sample 6 (73.06%) as seen in Table 4. A previous study reported that Nitzschia sp. reduced the TN by 78% in municipal wastewater (Boelee et al. 2011) and an algal-bacterial coculture removed 70% of the TN in treated domestic wastewater (Posadas et al. 2013). The TN removal efficiency of C. vulgaris in the dairy effluent was found to be 85.47% (Choi 2016). Salgueiro et al. (2016) estimated that C. vulgaris removed 60–86% TN in synthetic wastewater (Salgueiro et al. 2016) whereas Amit et al. (2020) reported 67.17% TN removal by Tetraselmis Indica in pharmaceutical wastewater. Chandra et al. 2021 compared the TN removal of monoculture and a consortium of Chlorella minutissima, Scenedesmus abundans, Nostoc muscorum, and Spirulina sp. and found that nitrogen assimilation differs from species to species in dairy wastewater and that consortium culture generated higher lipid content for biodiesel production which may be due to the presence of both N. muscorum and Spirulina sp. as cyanobacteria are exceptionally capable in nitrogen fixation,
Cultivating photosynthetic microorganisms in cooling water waste and urban effluents as a strategy of water regeneration and valorization
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Edwin Ortíz-Sánchez, Cesar Solís-Salinas, Patrick U. Okoye, Rosa A. Guillén-Garcés, Dulce María Arias
Microalgae and cyanobacteria-based wastewater treatment is a low-cost technology with great potential to remove several pollutants because they synthesize great diversity of compounds that can be transformed with different processes under the biorefinery concept [8–10]. Biochemically, cyanobacteria contain 10-30% proteins, 34-76% carbohydrates, and 1-7% lipids in dry weight [11]. While several studies have reported the use of intracellular lipids from microalgae for biodiesel production, its large-scale production from microalgae has not yet reached economic viability due to several factors, such as low lipids content, high capital cost of reactors, high energy requirements of biomass processing (harvesting, dehydration, drying), and lipid extraction/transesterification [12]. Conversely, the high carbohydrate content renders cyanobacteria a promising material for carbohydrate-based biofuel production, such as bioethanol, hydrogen, and biogas [13]. These biofuels from microalgae, which is non-food competitive, represent a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based-fuels. Usually, the produced biohydrogen has a higher calorific value (142 kJ g−1) than bioethanol and biogas, as well as zero carbon emission [14]. Hence, producing microalgal carbohydrates using wastewater as a substrate can be a sustainable alternative for biohydrogen production.
Simulated impacts of climate change on Lake Simcoe water quality
Published in Inland Waters, 2022
Hadiseh Bolkhari, Leon Boegman, Ralph E. H. Smith
Control of cyanobacteria remains another management goal for Lake Simcoe. Warmer future water temperatures will favor cyanobacteria growth. Our simulations confirm that the long-term increase in surface water temperature may increase bloom frequency, particularly after 2066 when water temperatures are >30 °C, when the mean cyanobacteria Chl-a concentration over the ice-free season will have increased from 0.2 µg L−1 to ∼0.7 µg L−1 in both A2 and B1 scenarios. The increased strength and length of stable lake stratification may also favor some cyanobacteria because of their competitive advantage to regulate cell buoyancy (Jöhnk et al. 2008). Climate change will affect the timing of increases in cyanobacteria concentration. Nurnberg et al. (2013a, 2013b) found that cyanobacteria increased throughout the summer and peaked in August–September or occasionally in October during 1980–2011 in Lake Simcoe. Our simulations predict seasonal maximum concentrations from late August to early November, much later than presently observed.