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Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy of Endogenous Biological Fluorescence
Published in Mary-Ann Mycek, Brian W. Pogue, Handbook of Biomedical Fluorescence, 2003
Though most of the NAD(P)H fluorescence originates in the cytoplasm, namely from the mitochondria and lysosomes [61], the role of NADH in the nucleus has recently been explored [62]. To determine whether NAD+/ NADH plays a role in regulating the carboxyl-terminal binding protein (CtBP) in vivo, estimates of the levels of free, nuclear NAD+/NADH were determined using two-photon FLIM. CtBP is a protein involved in transcriptional pathways during development, cell cycle regulation, and transformation. Using FLIM to determine the ratio of free to bound nuclear NADH, an estimate of 130 nM was made for the free nuclear NADH concentration, and was found to be within the concentration in which NAD+/NADH regulates CtBP ex vivo.
The expression of microRNAs and exposure to environmental contaminants related to human health: a review
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Maria Rosaria Tumolo, Alessandra Panico, Antonella De Donno, Pierpaolo Mincarone, Carlo Giacomo Leo, Roberto Guarino, Francesco Bagordo, Francesca Serio, Adele Idolo, Tiziana Grassi, Saverio Sabina
Several studies investigated the association between PCBs and miRNAs. Krauskopf et al. reported that PCBs exposure can lead to various types of cancer in humans. In their population-based study, PCBs serum levels, and other persistent organic pollutants were assessed in healthy subjects and microarray analysis identified a total of 93 miRNAs significantly associated (53 positively and 40 negatively) with PCBs exposure. The miRNA profile integration with transcriptome profile displayed an interaction with oncogenes such as MYC, CCND1, B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). The predicted target genes were related to various types of human cancer and involved in signalling pathways like Wnt, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation (Krauskopf et al. 2017). The most positively correlated miRNAs, namely miR-29a, miR-31-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-152, and miR-193a-3p were indicated as tumour suppressors (Misso et al. 2014; Liang et al. 2015; Yan et al. 2015; Kim et al. 2015; Liu et al. 2016). PCBs exposure may also be attributed to birth defects and embryonic development delays (Vrijheid et al. 2016). Healthy pregnant women living in an area polluted with PCBs who underwent therapeutic abortion due to fetal malformations had PCBs blood concentrations that correlated with miR-191-5p up-regulation compared with women living in a non-polluted area who had a healthy pregnancy. Furthermore, a PCR analysis showed the down-regulation of aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR), C-terminal binding protein 1 (CTBP1) and Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS) in peripheral blood cells (Maurizio et al. 2013). miR-191-5p has as sequence complementary to the 3′-UTR region of these genes that are involved in pathways related to immune and inflammatory effects inducing oxidative stress, immunotoxicity, and cancer (Pradhan et al. 2011; Tao et al. 2012; Yuan-fang et al. 2012). Thus, these changes along with the dangerous effects of PCBs can interfere with normal development and health conditions. In the study of Li and colleagues, in order to examine the association between miRNAs and some pollutants, healthy placental tissues were collected from a birth cohort. A positive association between PCBs and miR-1537 expression level was found, suggesting that miRNA profiles may signal in utero exposure to environmental chemicals (Li et al. 2015).