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Significance of Childhood Lower Respiratory Infections
Published in Richard B. Gammage, Stephen V. Kaye, Vivian A. Jacobs, Indoor Air and Human Health, 2018
Frederick W. Henderson, Alan M. Collier
There are four clinical syndromes of LRI in children, three of which are quite distinctive. Table 1 shows the syndrome definitions in common use in pediatrics and the ones used in our work. Croup is an illness in which children with signs of acute respiratory infection develop evidence of upper tracheal and perilaryngeal disease with partial airflow obstruction. Clinical features include hoarseness, barking-seal cough, and inspiratory stridor. Wheezing-associated respiratory infections (WARI) are readily identified clinically. As the name implies, this complex includes infant WARI - frequently termed bronchiolitis and post-infancy WARI. Some infants with WARI have hyperreactive airways and could be considered as manifesting first episodes of asthma. This subset of infants cannot be reliably identified at the time of their first wheezing episode. With increasing age, the likelihood that WARI is occurring in a host with altered airway reactivity increases, but at no age can one presume that all infection-associated wheezing is attributable to hyperreactive airways. There are children who are not prone to recurrent wheezing who express wheezing as a manifestation of illness with a single respiratory infection after infancy. In our studies, the diagnosis of pneumonia was based on the findings of rales or clinical evidence of pulmonary consolidation. X-rays were usually not obtained. The fourth syndrome of LRI, tracheobronchitis, is less distinctive clinicalLy. Its diagnosis relies on the occurrence of cough and coarse rhonchi indicative of mucus hypersecretion in larger airways. Unfortunately, cough occurs in 40% of children with predominantly upper respiratory illness symptoms. Deciding when URI with cough crosses the boundary to tracheobronchitis is a clinical one. In older children and adults, this is the predominant syndrome of lower respiratory involvement in patients with acute respiratory infections. We think tracheobronchitis is a clinical entity in young children as well, but we recognize that various observers would differ in their assignment of this diagnosis.
Tracheitis hospital admissions are associated with Asia dust storm
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Chin-Shyan Chen, Yun-Shan Chan, Tsai-Ching Liu
The trachea is part of the body’s airway system. The windpipe prolongs the larynx, separates to form the main bronchial tubes, and connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs. Since the trachea is a crossroad of the respiratory tract, any inflammation of it not only affects the surrounding organs but also plays an important role in the development of lower respiratory tract infections, such as croup, bronchitis, and pneumonia (Blot et al. 2017).