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Advanced Applications of Volume Visualization Methods in Medicine
Published in Alexander D. Poularikas, Stergios Stergiopoulos, Advanced Signal Processing, 2017
Georgios Sakas, Grigorios Karangelis, Andreas Pommert
A step further is to manipulate the data at the computer screen for surgery simulation. These techniques are most advanced for craniofacial surgery, where a skull is dissected into small pieces and then rearranged to achieve a desirable shape (Figure 4.12). Several systems have been designed based on the binary voxel model78,126 or polygon representations.18 Pflesser et al. developed an algorithm which handles full grey level volumes.81 Thus, all features of volume-based rendering, including cuts and semitransparent rendering of objects obscuring or penetrating each other, are available.
3D printing and virtual surgical planning in a difficult Bonebridge case
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2019
The use of 3D printing in Otolaryngology has been reported to be of great value in customising surgical solutions (Zhong and Zhao 2017). One aspect of the translation of this technology into surgical care is virtual surgical planning (VSP). VSP has been shown to be beneficial and cost effective in craniofacial Surgery (Roser et al. 2010; Saad et al. 2013; Seruya, Fisher, and Rodriguez 2013; Liu et al. 2014; Hanken et al. 2015; Resnick et al. 2016; Smithers et al. 2018). This study reports the use of VSP in ear surgery for difficult cases of implantable hearing devices.
Surface modification during hydroxyapatite powder mixed electric discharge machining of metallic biomaterials: a review
Published in Surface Engineering, 2022
Himanshu Bisaria, Bharat Bhusan Patra, Smita Mohanty
Traditional metallic implant materials include stainless steels (SS), titanium and its alloys, and cobalt-based alloys. SS[44–46], magnesium (Mg) alloys [47–49], cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) alloys [50–52], and Ti and its alloys [53,54] are the frequently used metallic materials for medical implants and prosthetics and other elements like molybdenum and zirconium can also be added for particular applications [55]. One of the most popular materials for implant manufacturing is stainless steel (SS), which is employed in applications for dentistry, craniofacial surgery, otolaryngology, and the production of cardiovascular stents and valves [56,57]. The good fatigue characteristics, ductility, and work hardenability of SS-316L are particularly well-known [58]. According to Disegi and Eschbach [44], a new Ni-free SS has recently been produced specifically to address the problem of nickel sensitivity. Commercially pure Ti and its alloy are widely known for their exceptional biomedical corrosion resistance, high strength, and low density and can therefore be used to create durable yet lightweight implants [59]. Consequently, Ti-based alloys are the major material type used to manufacture dental implants [60–62]. Because of their ability to produce exceptionally stable oxides on implant surfaces, these alloys are bioinert and have improved biocompatibility [63]. However, because Ti and its alloys have a low hardening coefficient, conventional techniques such as work hardening are difficult to strengthen. Furthermore, it is widely known that ingesting the corroded titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V into the bloodstream is extremely dangerous to people [64]. Li et al. [53] concluded that β-type Ti-based alloys are attractive candidates for enhancing the mechanical properties of porous compacts since they have stronger strength and lower elastic modulus than pure titanium. Co–Cr alloys are normally used in biomedical applications such as metal-on-metal (MOM) hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA) owing to their low wear performance, high biocompatibility and high ion corrosion resistance [55]. Bulk metallic glass (BMG), in addition to the metallic biomaterials discussed, has been proposed as a viable alternative for biomedical implants due to its low internal friction, high tensile strength and elasticity, satisfactory toughness, and acceptable corrosion and wear resistance [65]. However, the lack of crystallinity complicates the production of BMG. Among the several BMGs created, Zr-based BMG is the most suitable for manufacturing implants or biomedical devices, particularly, for orthopaedic use. In addition to excellent mechanical properties, Zr-based BMG has demonstrated strong biocompatibility comparable to Ti–6Al–4V [66–68].